[PCOL and TOXICOLOGY] PPT Introduction to Toxicology (Part 1 intro)

Pupil

Decrease in the size of this is an indicator an substance abuse

Sugar

What can be given to patients who got poisoned

Clinical Examination of Poisoned Patient

Rhabdomyolysis

Epigastric Tenderness

Right Upper Quandrant/Renal Angle Tenderness

Blood Pressure

Respiratory rate

Pupil Size

Cerebral Signs

Extrapyramidal signs

Cyanosis

Heart rate

Needle tracks

Body temperature

Order of the Clinical Examination of Poisoned Patient

skin

we absorb chemicals through what body sense (commonly now)

Recognition

Prevention

Treatment of adverse effects

Occupational-environmental toxicologists is primary concerned with what (R-PT)

EDTA

Best chalating agent

Occupational Toxicology

Deals with the effects of chemicals found in the workplace

• Emphasis on the:

> Identification of agents of concern

> Identification acute and chronic disease they cause

> Define the conditions they can safely use

> Prevention of absorption of harmful amounts of this chemicals

• Carry out programs for the surveillance of exposed workers and the environment they work

• Regulatory limits and voluntary guidelines have been elaborated to establish "safe" chemical exposure limits for workers

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

Who Promulgates the limits

Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs)

• Denotes the standards for specific materials particularly serious toxicity

• These standards are developed following extensive scientific study, stake holder input at hearings, public comment and other steps

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)

Periodically prepare lists of their consensus versions of "safe" threshold limit values (TLVs) for many chemicals

ecotoxicology

environmental toxicology is Often called _____________, deals with deleterious impact of chemicals, present as pollutants in the environment on living organisms

Environmental Toxicology

Concerned with the toxic effects of chemical and physical agents on population and communities of living organisms within a defined ecosystem

This includes transfer pathways of the agents and their interaction with the environment

Changes in the condition of our planet's air and water is the major international concern

environment

Includes all the surrounding of an individual organism

Particularly air, soil and water

Humans are considered target species

Indicator Species

Are species that provides early warnings of impending human events

Hazard

• Is the ability of a chemical agent to cause injury in a given situation or setting

• The conditions of use and exposure are primary considerations

• To assess the hazard, one needs to have knowledge about both the inherent toxicity of the substance and the amounts to which individuals are liable to be exposed

Use and Exposure

Primary considerations when dealing with hazards

Risk

• Expected frequency of the occurrence of an undesirable effect arising from exposure to a chemical or physical agent

• Risk assessment has become an integral part of the regulatory process in most countries

Hazard

Had a potential harm on you

Risk

The likelihood of a hazard to cause harm

Routes of Exposure

• Route of entry for chemicals into the body differs in different exposure situations

• Industrial setting: Inhalation is the major route of entry

• Transdermal route is also important

• Oral ingestion is relatively minor route

• Primary prevention should be designed to reduce or eliminate absorption by inhalation or topical contact

Oral ingestion

Minor route

Inhalation

Industrial setting major route

reduce or eliminate absorption by inhalation or topical contact

Primary prevention

Quantity, Duration & Intensity of Exposure

Toxic reaction differs from quantity of exposure, duration and rate of exposure

Acute

Indicates a single exposure or multiple exposure that occur over a brief period

from seconds to 1-2 days

Rapidly absorbed this doses of substances that may ordinarily detoxified by enzymatic mechanisms in small doses may overwhelm the body’s ability to detoxify the substance and may result in serious or even fatal toxicity

Chronic

Single or multiple exposure over a longer period

Examples are repetitive handling of chemicals

Exposures to chemicals as air and water pollutants

Environmental Considerations

Poorly degraded chemicals exhibit environmental persistence and can accumulate

Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification

Bioaccumulation

Chemical accumulates within the tissues of the organism, if the intake of a long-lasting contaminant exceeds the organism’s ability to metabolize or excrete the substance

Biomagnification

Magnification of the concentration of a contaminant hundreds or thousands of times as the contaminant passes up the food chain, even if it may be virtually undetectable in water

Elimination

Substitution

Engineering Controls

Administrative Controls

PPE

Give the hierarchy of controls

ESEAP

Elimination

Physically remove the hazard

Substitution

Replace the hazard

Engineering Controls

Isolate the people from the hazard

Administrative controls

Change teh way people work

PPE

Protect the workers with wearing these