Injury Mitigation Exam 2

Okstate Chap 5-8

What does H.I.T. stand for, and what does each part involve?

History (what, when, where why), Inspection (things we see), Touch (things we feel, moving from far to near, asking questions)

What does P.R.I.C.E. stand for in injury management?

Protect, rest, ice, compression, elevate

What are the four stages of applying ice, and what sensations will be felt?

Cold, pins and needles, dull ache, numbness; apply for 20 minutes on, 2 hours off; not exceeded 20 min per session

What are the normal respiration rates for different age groups?

6-12 y/o 18-26rpm; 12-17 y/o 12-20 rpm; adults 8-20rpm

What are the normal heart rate ranges by age?

5-12 y/o 60-120bpm; 12-18 y/o 75-85bpm; adults 60-100 bpm

What are six ways to move an injured athlete, and when should each be used?

One person drag- used alone, armpits, head position, lift with legs; Four- to five-person log roll – To turn over a responsive or unresponsive athlete who is breathing normally but must be placed on a spine board; One-person walking assist – To help a dazed or slightly injured athlete off the field alone; Two-person walking assist – To help a dazed or slightly injured athlete off the field with assistance; Four-handed carrying assist – For a responsive athlete who cannot walk but can assist with moving; Two-handed carrying assist – For a slightly dazed athlete who needs extra support

When should an athlete be moved?

If the scene is unsafe or if life-saving measures are required

What conditions may indicate an athlete should not be moved?

difficulty breathing, closed head or spine injuries, profuse bleeding, joint dislocations or fractures

How do breathing issues compare to gastrointestinal issues like food poisoning?

Breathing issues do not involve vomiting or nausea, unlike gastrointestinal conditions

What are the key steps for managing anaphylactic shock?

Call 911, use an EpiPen, monitor, perform CPR if necessary

What are the key steps for managing collapsed lung?

Call 911, place in resting position, cover the wound, monitor, perform CPR if necessary.

What are the key steps for managing asthma?

Ensure access to medication, communicate with the athlete and parents

What are the key steps for managing hyperventilation?

Adjust position, control breathing, call 911 if necessary, monitor.

What are the key steps for managing solar plexus spasms?

Position properly, monitor for internal injury.

What are the key steps for managing throat contusions?

Apply ice, monitor, call 911 if necessary, treat for shock.

What temperature levels indicate concern for a respiratory infection?

High fever: Oral temperature above 102°F or Low fever: Oral temperature below 100°F

Which sport has the highest frequency of concussions?

Women’s soccer due to weaker neck strength

What are the different ways the spine can be injured?

Compression, tension (stretching), shearing, torsion (twisting)

What are the degrees of sprains, strains, and contusions?

they vary in severity, ranging from mild to severe.

What are the recovery positions for head/spine injuries?

HAINES position (high arm in endangered spine), normal recovery position

What are the two types of amnesia associated with head trauma?

Retrograde amnesia – Cannot remember events before the injury and Anterograde amnesia – Cannot remember events after the injury

What are three common head injuries associated with concussions?

second impact syndrome, post-concussion syndrome, and brain hematoma

What are common symptoms of head or spine trauma?

Headache, ringing in ears, nausea, personality changes, LOC, disorientation, amnesia, irrability, sleep disturbances, light sensitivity, blurred vision

What percentage of all sports-related brain injuries are minor concussions without loss of consciousness?

75%

What should be done for an athlete with suspected head or spine trauma?

Stabilize, check ABC (airway, breathing, circulation), if unconscious call 911 and monitor vitals, if not remove from activity, monitor vitals and symptoms

What is the protocol for managing head/spine trauma?

any LOC remove from game. mild to sever grading scale, no meds, strict rule to withold athlete for one week after the last symptom

What are the guidelines for proper crutch fitting?

Crutch tip should be 6 inches out from the outer margin and 2 inches up from the shoe tip; 2-finger width gap between the crutch and the armpit; Hand grip should allow for a 30-degree elbow bend

What are the initial clues of a concussion?

consciousness level, eye movement, speech, facial expressions, hearing

What are the steps for evaluating a suspected concussion?

Stabilize – Begin history, listen for slurred speech, amnesia, neck pain; Inspect – Look for abnormalities (clear fluid from ears/nose, muscle spasms, deformities); Touch – Check for muscle spasms, deformities, pulse, respirations.

What is the difference between decorticate and decerebrate posturing?

Decorticate – Arms flexed, legs extended (damage to upper brain structures); Decerebrate – Arms extended, legs extended (more severe brainstem injury).

How should whiplash and other soft tissue injuries be managed?

avoid excessive torque, ice application, rest, monitor pain with movement, identify point tenderness