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Hydrosféra

The water layer of the Earth, encompassing all forms of water.

Types of water in hydrosphere

Includes oceans, surface water (rivers, lakes), glacial ice, groundwater, soil moisture, and atmospheric water (water vapor, clouds, precipitation).

Oceans and seas

Cover 71% of the Earth's surface and contain 97% of the planet's water.

Water storage distribution

3% is freshwater, with 75% in glaciers, 22% in groundwater, and 3% in rivers and lakes.

Hydrology

The science studying the laws of water circulation.

Water cycle processes

Include evaporation, transportation of water vapor, condensation, and surface/subsurface run-off.

Large water cycle

Describes the movement of water between oceans and land.

Small water cycle

Refers to water movement occurring above the ocean.

World Ocean

Comprises all the water in oceans and seas, consisting of four oceans and various seas.

Types of ocean floor relief

Includes continental margins, transitional areas, and the ocean floor itself.

Ocean basins

Make up 50% of the ocean floor at depths of 3000-6000m.

Sediment types on ocean floor

Includes terrigenous sediments from rivers and glaciers and deep-sea sediments from marine organisms.

Ocean water movements

Influenced by cosmic, atmospheric, and geodynamic factors.

Types of ocean movements

Include waves, tides, and currents.

Warm ocean currents

Flow from the equator to higher latitudes.

Cold ocean currents

Flow from the poles to the equator.

Rivers network

consists of water flows (rivers and streams) plus reservoirs and marshes.

Source of a river

Where groundwater flows freely to the surface.

River mouth

Where a smaller river flows into a larger river or lake/sea.

River length

The distance from the river source to its mouth.

River gradient

Height difference between two points on the river.

Watershed

The area from which surface and groundwater drain into a river.

River regime

Variations in water level, flow rate, and temperature over time.

Factors influencing river regime

Climate, geological substrate, relief, soil, and vegetation.

Types of river regimes

Include equatorial, monsoonal, snow-rain, rainy-oceanic, and glacial.