Quiz 11

What is the term for the combination of plasma and formed elements in blood?

Whole blood.

Which of the following is NOT a formed element of blood?

Antibodies.

What are formed elements of blood?

RBCs, platelets, lymphocytes

What is the primary function of blood in relation to nutrients?

Transporting nutrients from the digestive tract to the body.

What are platelets composed of?

Cytoplasmic fragments of large cells.

What do hormones in the blood do?

They are transported from endocrine glands to target cells.

Which of the following does NOT describe the function of blood in transporting materials around the body?

Carbon dioxide from the lungs to the tissues.

What are formed elements in blood?

Components such as RBCs, platelets, and lymphocytes.

What are ways that blood transports materials around the body ?

A) nutrients from the digestive tract to the body.

B) hormones from endocrine glands to target cells.

D) wastes from the cells to the kidneys.

What is the superior portion of the heart where major blood vessels enter and exit?

A) base.

What do intercalated discs between cardiac muscle cells serve to transfer?

ionic currents, action potentials, the force of contraction

How is blood supplied to the myocardium?

A) the coronary arteries.

What is the first chamber blood returns to from the pulmonary circuit?

A) right atrium.

Where does the right ventricle pump blood to?

A) right and left lungs.

What causes the fast depolarization phase of the cardiac muscle action potential?

A) increased; sodium.

What is responsible for the long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential?

B) calcium channels remaining open.

Which ventricle has a greater workload?

left ventricle

What is the inferior point of the heart called?

B) apex.

What is the correct sequence of excitation through the heart's conducting system?

3, 2, 4, 1.

SA node

AV node

Bundle branches

Purkinje fibers

What is the correct order of blood flow structures from the heart back to the heart?

A) 4, 7, 2, 3, 1, 5, 6 (elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, medium veins, large veins)

What is the innermost layer of a blood vessel?

A) tunica intima.

Where does the exchange of substances between blood and tissues take place?

Capillaries.

What are elastic arteries primarily responsible for?

Withstanding high blood pressure and maintaining blood flow.

What is the primary function of arterioles?

Regulating blood flow to specific tissues.

What is the main feature of medium veins?

They have valves to prevent backflow of blood.

What are the characteristics of large veins?

They have a larger diameter and thinner walls compared to arteries.

What are sinusoidal capillaries known for?

Their large openings allow for the passage of larger molecules and cells.

What is heart rate also called?

Pulse.

How is heart rate measured?

In beats per minute.

What is stroke volume?

The amount of blood pumped in a single contraction.

What is cardiac output?

The volume of blood pumped into the systemic circulation per minute.

What does cardiac output depend on?

Both heart rate and stroke volume.

What are the four valves in the heart responsible for?

Preventing backflow of blood in the heart.

What do the atrioventricular valves do?

Separate each atrium and ventricle.

What do semilunar valves control?

Blood flow to the aorta and pulmonary artery.

What causes the 'lub dup' sound of a heartbeat?

The recoil of blood against the AV valves (lub) then the semilunar valves (dup).

What does the equation CO = SV x HR represent?

The relationship between cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate.

What is the structure of a capillary?

A capillary is made up of a single layer of squamous cells, known as the endothelial layer.

How many layers does an artery have?

An artery has three layers.

What influences blood pressure and flow in circulatory systems?

The structure and arrangement of blood vessels.

What is the lining of blood vessels called?

The epithelial layer that lines blood vessels is called the endothelium.

How do physical principles of plumbing apply to circulatory systems?

The principles governing water movement in plumbing influence the functioning of animal circulatory systems.

What is the role of the endothelium?

The endothelium helps regulate blood flow and pressure.

What are the three layers of an artery?

The tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa.

Why is the endothelial layer important in capillaries?

It allows for efficient exchange of nutrients and waste between blood and tissues.

What is the significance of blood vessel structure on blood flow?

Blood vessel structure affects resistance, pressure drop, and flow rate.

How does blood pressure change in the arterial system?

Blood pressure is typically highest in the arteries and decreases as blood moves through arterioles and capillaries.

What is the primary function of capillaries in major organs?

Capillaries in major organs are usually filled to capacity, facilitating efficient exchange between blood and tissues.

What mechanisms regulate blood distribution in capillary beds?

Contraction of the smooth muscle layer in arterioles and control by precapillary sphincters.

What is unique about the pulmonary artery?

It is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

What do pulmonary veins do?

They are the only veins that transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.

What is a stationary blood clot called?

Thrombosis.

What is a floating blood clot referred to as?

Embolism.

What is the role of valves in blood circulation?

Valves prevent backflow of blood.

Where does the exchange of substances between blood and interstitial fluid occur?

Across the thin endothelial walls of the capillaries.

What drives the fluid movement in and out of capillaries?

The difference between blood pressure and osmotic pressure.

What is the most abundant protein in blood and its primary function?

Albumin, which maintains blood osmotic pressure.

What is the definition of avocation?

A hobby or minor occupation.