Unit 2 Exam Basic Science

hematopoiesis is the ____________

production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets

types of immunity

innate and adaptive

what is the first line of immune defense?

innate immunity which is non-specific, rapid, but has no memory

describe adaptive immunity

Adaptive immunity, also called acquired immunity, is the second line of defense and includes both humoral and cellular mechanisms that respond to cell-specific substances known as antigens. Adaptive immunity is acquired through previous exposure to infections and other foreign agents. It can not only distinguish self from nonself but can recognize and destroy specific foreign agents based on their different antigenic properties. This response takes more time but is extremely effective.

which cells are granulocytes?

basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils

what are the most important antigen presenting cells in our body?

dendritic cells

what are the primary lymphoid organs?

(definition and location)

Where Lymphocytes are born, formed, and mature.

B cells and NK cells in the bone marrow; T cells in Thymus

what are the secondary lymphoid organs?

(definition and location)

Where lymphocytes are activated.

Lymph nodes, spleen, MALT (GI, respiratory, GU)

Types of Adaptive Immunity and their related key cells

Humoral Immunity: B-cells

Cell-mediated Immunity: T-cells

where do T cells mature?

thymus

which is the most abundant WBC in the blood?

neutrophils

lymphoid progenitor cells can mature into:

NK cells, and the lymphocytes (B and T cells)

which cells are the microphages?

eosinophils and basophils

which cell type is the first responder?

neutrophils

which cell links the adaptive and innate immune systems and how?

DENDRITIC CELLS are constantly sampling the environment until it finds a pathogen, it will process it and travel to lymphatic system to present to T-cells

What are the key phagocytes of innate immunity?

neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages which are differentiated monocytes

what type of immunity are NK cells? how do they function?

Natural killer cells are part of innate immunity, they act w/o prior sensitization to a pathogen.

They check that cells have MHC Class I or the self receptor. If they don't have it (e.g. viruses inhibit expression of mhc class I), they'll kill the pathogen.

Can directly kill the pathogen or release perforin to lyse and digest it

what role do mast cells have? what type of immunity?

In innate immunity, they're the inflammatory response.

They'll release mediators such as histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrines, and cytokines

cardinal signs of inflammation

1. rubor (redness)

2. tumor (swelling)

3. calor (heat)

4. dolor (pain)

5. functio laeso (loss of function)

explain PAMPs and DAMPs

PAMPs: patterns recognized by our immune system that are on pathogens and external factors

DAMPs: molecules released by injured or necrotic cells recognized by the innate immune system (internal factors)

how are PAMPs and DAMPs recognized?

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as TLR, NLR, CLR, RLR

the response to PAMPs and DAMPs is what type of immunity?

innate immunity

CLRs: where are they? what do they do?

found on plasma membrane only and recognize all types of infx (bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal PAMPs)

TLR: where are they? what do they do?

Toll-like Receptors are found in the plasma membrane or in endosomes.

Broad recognition, we have a lot of different TLRs that do diff things (recognize, proteins, nucleic acids, glycans)

ex: TLR2 recognizes gram (+) bacteria, TLR4 recognizes LPS and thus gram (-) bacteria

TLR2 recognizes what?

gram (+) bacteria

TLR4 recognizes what?

LPS and thus gram (-) bacteria

NLR: where are they? what do they do?

cytoplasmic sensors

recognize all types of infx (bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal PAMPs)

RLRs: where are they? what do they do?

cytoplasmic sensors of viral RNA

they trigger anti-viral rx like type I intferon release

what are cytokines? what are some examples?

- they're different messenger molecules released by different types of cells to signal for more help

- interons, TNF, interleukins, and chemokines

autocrine signaling for cytokines

cell producing = cell responding

cytokine binds to receptor on cell that secreted it

paracrine signaling for cytokines

cytokine produced by one cell and affects cells in nearby vicinity

ex: CD4 T helper cell secrete IL-2 which helps CD8 Cytotoxic T cells proliferate

endocrine signaling for cytokines

cytokine affects cell that is far away

what are interleukins (ILs) and what do they do?

Interleukins are cytokines (signaling proteins) that help with immune cell activation, inflammation, and communication

what are tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) and what do they do?