computer hardware and software

input

accept data &instructions from auser

storage

store the data &instructions

processing

manipulate the data according to the instructions

output

store &/or output the results to the user

hardware and software

A computer system is composed of

1 Input devices

2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

3. Primary storage (Memory)

4. Secondary storage (Mass storage)

5. Output devices

what are the components of computer?

hardware

Mechanical, electrical, electronic, or other physical equipment and machinery

associated with a computer system or necessary for the playback or projection

of nonprintmedia.

central processing unit (CPU), keyboard, and monitor.

Basic microcomputer hardware includes?

keyboard,mouse,opticsl mouse,trackball,joystick,light pen ,webcam,barcode reader,touchscreen

what are the example of input devices

input devices

allow the user to enter

information into the system, or control its operation.

output device

is a piece of hardware that is used to display or output data which has been

processed or has been stored on the computer.

monitor, printer, plotter, speakers, video beam

what are the examples of output devices?

central processing unit (CPU)

is the heart

and brain of a computer. It is

normally an Intel Pentium (or equivalent).

> It receives data as input.

> Follows instruction, and processes data accordingly. • Presents the information as out put to the user.

> Its primary function is to execute programs.

> It controls &coordinates al components such as

memory, input and output devices.

• Control Unit (CU)

• Arithmetic &Logic Unit (ALU)

CPU consists of two units

control unit

controls the overall activities of the

components of the computer. It is mainly used to

coordinate the activities among other units. It will

send commands signals and controls the sequence o f instructions to be executed.

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

Performs arithmetic and logical operations on the data.

main memory

Primary Storage also called

primary storage

- On board memory (located on the motherboard)

- Very fast, but expensive

what are the two types of primary storage(memory)?

RAM

- Random

Access Memory

- Read/write capability

- Contents lost when computer is turned off (volatile)

must be in RAM

for it to execute -

A program

- ItstypesareStatic&DynamicRAM

ROM

- Read

Only

Memory

- Read but not write capability

- Permanent (non volatile)

ROM READ ONLY MEMORY

Stores the preliminary instructions to be executed when the computer is turned on, e.g.

• To check RAM

• To check communications with peripheral devices

• Bootstrap

loader

program

ROM, PROM, EPROM & EEPROM

what are the types of rom?

mass storage

Secondary Storage also called

secondary storage

External devices (not on the

motherboard); either inside or outside the computer

-Store programs and data permanently -Slower, but cheaper

floppy disk, zip drive, cd, hard disk drive, taoe, flash drives

what are the different sizes/ styles of secondary storage ( mass storage)?

software

Programs written in a special language with a series

of

instructions to

a computer

or

its

peripherals that cause the computer to solve a problem or perform a task to achieve a

specific set of results.

software

Simply a set of instruction necessary for a computer to accomplish required tasks.

operating system

- controls all machine activities

- provides the user interface to the computer

- manages resources such as the CPU and memory

- DOS, Windows XP, Unix, Linux, Mac OS

application program

- generic term for any other kind of software (custom made)

- MS Word, MS Excel, Games,..... Library softwares e.g, Koha, WINISIS, LIMS, LAM

operating system and application program

what are the types of software?

hardware

refers to the physical parts or components of a computer.

software

is untouchable. Software exists as ideas, application,

concepts, and symbols, but it has no substance.

usable computing system

A combination of hardware and software forms a

byte

B

Kilobyte

KB

Megabyte

MB

GB

gigabyte

Terabyte

TB

petabyte

PB

exabyte

EB

zettabyte

ZB

Yottabyte

YB

- Bit

- Byte

- Kilobyte

- Megabyte

- Gigabyte

- Terabyte

- Petabyte

- Exabyte

- Zettabyte

- Yottabyte

what are the storage units in bytes in order?

bit

it is the smallest unit

8 bits

1 byte contains

RAM - Random Access Memory • ROM - Read Only Memory

Two types of primary storage

Static and dynamic

Two types of RAM