Bio unit test

Nucleus

Contains DNA and regulates genes, in both cells

Nucleoli

Manufactures ribosomes, in both cells

Cell membrane

membrane that protects cell, in both cells

Cell wall

Provides shape and protection, in plant cell

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance within cell, in both cells

Central vacuole

Stores water, enzymes waste, in plant cell

Vacuole

stores water, nutrients waste, in both cells

Smooth ER

Processes lipids and detoxifys, in both cells

Rough ER

Processes proteins, in both cells

Ribosomes

synthesizes proteins, in both cells

Golgi apparatus

packages chemicals, in both cells

Lysomes

filled with digestive chemicals, in animal cell

Mitochondrion

Converts nutrients to energy, powerhouse of cell, in both cells

Chloroplasts

Converts light to energy, in plant cells

Centrosome

Provides structure for cell, in animal cells

Components of blood

White blood cell, red blood cell, plasma, platelets

What are stem cells?

Cells with the potential to differentiate into different types of cells

What is cancer at a cellular level?

cell that divides uncontrollably, a mass of them creates a tumor

Differences in cell division in animal and plant cells

plant cells form a cell plate that develops into a cell wall, animal cells pinch apart creating cleavage furrow

What makes up chyme?

hydrochloric acid, pepsin, lipase, broken down food

Where does most absorption take place?

small intestine

What takes place in the large intestine?

water absorption, production and absorption of vitamins

Where does gas exchange occur?

Alveoli in the lung

Where does chemical digestion begin for carbohydrates?

Amylase in saliva in the mouth

Where does primary digestion occur for carbohydrates?

pancreatic amylase in duodenum

Where does chemical digestion begin for proteins?

Pepsin in the stomach

Where does primary digestion occur for proteins?

pancreatic enzymes in the duodenum

Where does chemical digestion begin for fats?

gastric lipase in the stomach

Where does primary digestion occur for fats?

pancreatic enzymes in duodenum

What are the four main types of tissue?

Connective tissue, muscle tissue, nervous tissue, epithelial tissue

What is the function of muscle tissue?

enabling movement

What is the function of nervous tissue?

bodys communication network

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

protection, absorption, secretion

What is the function of connective tissue?

supports tissues and bind them together

What is the connection between stem cells, tissue and organs?

Stem cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, organs make up organ systems

What is the hierarchical organization of plants? (most basic to complex)

dermal tissue, vascular tissue, ground tissue, roots, stem, leaf, reproductive organs

What process gives rise to cells with distinct functions and characteristics?

cellular differentation

What are carcinogens?

Substances that induce unregulated growth in cells or tissue

Why do cells divide?

growth, reproduction, repair

Key differences in plant and animal cells?

Plant cells have a rigid cell wall, large central vacuole, rectangular shape

Key differences between malignant and benign tumors?

malignant tumors are cancerous and spread, benign tumors do not spread and are slow-growing

How does blood become oxygenated?

air enters the lungs through breathing, and oxygen passes through alveoli walls and binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells

What is the function of veins?

carry blood towards the heart, thin walls

What is the function of arteries?

carry blood away from the heart, thick muscular, elastic walls, pumps blood ay greatest pressure

What is the function of capillaries?

exchanges gas, nutrients and carries wastes for disposal

What is the role of the lungs?

gas exchange

How do red blood cells transport oxygen?

hemoglobin binds to oxygen in the lungs

Differences in veins and arteries?

arteries carry oxygen rich blood, veins carry oxygen poor oxygen EXCEPT pulmonary veins

What human cells never divide?

nerve cells, neurons

Benefits and risks with organ transplantation?

life saving, improved quality of life and life span, rejection, death, infection

In which phase of the cell cycle does normal growth occur?

DNA replication and cell growth occur in interphase

Why is the circulatory system important for the digestive system?

transports nutrients absorbed from digestion to the body

How does the heart pump?

right atrium gets low-oxygen blood from the body, right ventricle pumps it to the lungs, lungs add oxygen to the blood, left atrium gets oxygen-rich blood from the lungs, left ventricle pumps it to the whole body

What is cell theory?

cells are the basic unit of life, all living things are made up of cells, and all cells come from other cells

What happens in Interphase?

G-1 phase (cell growth), S-phase ( DNA replication), G-2 phase (mitosis preparation)

What happens in Prophase?

Chromosomes condense and become visible, nuclear membrane breaks down

What happens in Metaphase?

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, spindle fibres capture chromosomes at each pole

What happens in Anaphase?

Centromere splits and separates chromatin into daughter chromosome, spindle fibers shorten and pull chromosomes to opposite poles

What happens in Telophase?

Chromosomes decondense into chromatin, two nuclei form, mitotic spindle breaks down

What happens in cytokinesis?

Division of cytoplasm to create genetically identical daughter cells

What is the purpose of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

monitor cell activity and surroundings

What can checkpoints result in for the cell?

relays information to the nucleus that instructs the cell if it can continue to M-phase

What happens if checkpoints dont work?

mutated DNA is allowed to enter mitosis and cytokinesis, which can form tumors

Compare similarities between embryonic and adult stem cells.

Both can divide and renew themselves and differentiate into other types of cells

Compare differences between embryonic and adult stem cells.

Embryonic cells are Pluripotent, Stem cells are Multipotent.

Which tissue is involved in carrying oxygen throughout the body?

Hemoglobin in red blood cells

How do the digestive, circulatory and respiratory system connect to support life in an organism?

The digestive system provides nutrients, the respiratory system provides oxygen, the circulatory system delivers both to cells so they can perform cellular respiration

Describe the path of blood through the blood/heart/lungs.

Blood enters the right atrium from the vena cava, moves to the right ventricle, and is pumped to the lungs. In the lungs, it picks up oxygen and returns to the left atrium, then to the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps it through the aorta to the body, where it delivers oxygen to a cell.

How is surface area relevant to the digestive, respiratory and circulatory system?

Surface area helps with exchange: Villi in the digestive system absorb nutrients, alveoli in the lungs exchange gases, and capillaries allow nutrient and gas exchange in tissues.

What is cellular differentiation?

The process that produces specialized cells, directed by genetic info inside the cell

Why are stem cells important?

repairing damaged tissue, treatment for blood cancer/disorders

Phases of cell cycle in order?

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis