Macropreparat (for practical exam)

EXAM - macroslides som vi kan få (tatt fra dokument)

species, morphology, LC?

Cnemidocoptes mutans (burrowing mite)

Order: Astigmata, Family Cnemidocoptidae

• Species: C. mutans, C. gallinae, C. pilae, C. prolifecus

• Morphology: no spines or pointed scales, no anterior vertical setae, snickers on all legs in adult males, round, convex dorsally.

• LC: Vinparous (ala human) - 17-21 days

  • females burrows in epidermis, give birth L1 → crawls to skin surface → burrows again → creating multi-pockets

  • egg → larvae → protonymph → ditonymph → adult

• CS:

  • Mutans: scaly legs, malformation of fat, can go to neck and comb

  • gallinae: burrow in feather shaft, pain, bird pulls out feathers

  • pilae: beak and fat of birds

• Treatment: ivermectin

• Diagnosis: mites on feather shafts or skin scrapings

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Acarus siro var. suis

Order: sarcoptiformer

Family: acaridae

flour mite.

Oviparous, egg → 2 nymph stages → adult

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Dermacentor pictus🪲

Order: Ixodida, fam. Ixodidae

• Hard Ticks - Ornate sheep tick

• Temporary parasites: Feed once per molt

🔍 Morphology

• Scutum on dorsal surface

• Haller's organ on the first pair of legs (detects CO2 and heat)

• Stigmata: Respiratory opening behind the last pair of legs, leading to trachea

• Grooves and festoons: Genital pores located anterior-ventrally

• Anus: ventrally

• Colorful = ornate ticks

• Gnathosoma: mouthparts

🧬 Life Cycle (LC)

• I. ricinus: 3 years

• Hemimetabolous (incomplete metamorphosis)

  1. Egg

  2. Larvae (3 pairs of legs, no spiracle)

  3. Nymph (4 pairs of legs, has spiracle, but no gonopore)

  4. Adult (4 pairs of legs, has spiracle and gonopore)

🦠 Vector

• Ixodes ricinus

  • Babesia

    • B. divergens

    • B. canis

  • Lyme disease

💊 Treatment

• Spot-on, spray, Bravecto

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Haematopinus suis

• Sucking louse

🐛 Order: Phtiraptera, family: Haematopinidae

• Su, Bo, Eq

🧬 Life Cycle (LC)

• Hemimetabolous - 1 month

  1. Eggs glued to hairs and feathers hatch in 2 weeks

  2. 3 nymph stages

     • Protonymph

     • Deutonymph

     • Tritonymph

  3. Adult

• Transmission: animal-to-animal

• Permanent ectoparasites

• Host-specific

• Head narrower than thorax

• Distinct claws

💊 Treatment

• Pour-on/spot-on organophosphorus insecticides

• Rotate medicine to avoid resistance

🩺 Clinical Signs (CS)

• Dermatitis (mild)

• Pruritus

• Anemia (heavy infestations)

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Order: Diptera🪰 Gastrophilus intestinalis

• Family: Oestridae

• Myasis: Parasitic infection of the body by fly larvae of Diptera (mammals)

Life Cycle (LC)

1. Flies lay eggs on host

2. Eggs hatch after 12-24 hours

3. Larvae migrate into tissue and molt twice

4. Larvae feed for 2-4 days, then leave host and pupate on the ground for 1-2 weeks

5. Adult emerges

• Females lay eggs in open wounds of mammals

💊 Treatment

• Remove larva with forceps

• Lidocaine can be used to extract

• Petroleum gel can be used to cut off O2 supply

📍 Location

• G. intestinalis: duodenum (common botfly)

• G. inermis: esophagus & stomach

• G. haemorrhoidalis: stomach, rectum

🐴 LC where FH is horse:

1. Egg on hair (foreleg) - 1 week

2. Hatch when licked or eaten

3. Burrow in front of tongue and migrate to back - 3-4 weeks

4. Stomach - intestinal wall - 8-12 months

5. Leaves with feces in summer

6. Pupate for 1-2 months - Adult

Adult and larva are free-living

Infective stage: L1

Hatch: L1 -> L2 in mouth -> L3 in stomach

Larva has 17 segments with spiracles in butt

🔬 Diagnosis

• Endoscopy

• Larva in feces

💊 Treatment

• Ivermectin

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Gasterophilus intestinalis - Duodenum - common botfly in horses.

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Metastrongylus pudendotectus (Metastrongylus spp., fam. metastrongylidae) Nematode.

• also have M. apri, salmi, confusus

• Lung worms, found in bronchi and bronchioles of pigs. Worldwide. Indirect LC. Infective stage: L3

• FH: pigs

• IH: Earthworms

Morphology: 6 cm, mouth 6 lips and hooks, well developed bursa in males, long spicules (hook structure on end), female tail is bent ventrally.

LC: Oviviparous (egg with larva) - 2-4 weeks.

• Adults in bronchi of pigs → release eggs with L1 → coughed up → swallowed → feces → soil

• The infected feces are ingested by IH, L3 develops

• Pigs will eat the earthworms → migrate to lungs via the hepatic-portal system → L5 develops.

Treatment: Ivermectin

Diagnostics: Embryonated eggs in fecal flotation with breza, ovoscopy, necropsy - adults in lungs.

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3 month old pig - 10 000 metastrongylus

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Metastrongylus

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Metastrongylus

M. elongatus

M. pudendotectus

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Demodex canis

• Order: Prostigmata

• Family: Demodicidae

• Burrowing mite

🔍 Morphology

• Inhabits hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and ducts

• Wide mouthparts

• 4 pairs of short legs

• Species-specific (D. cati, D. bovis, D. equi, etc.)

🧬 Life Cycle

• Oviparous

• Hemimetamorphus (incomplete metamorphosis)

  1. Eggs hatch into larva with 3 pairs of legs

  2. 2 nymph molts - 4 pairs of legs

  3. Adult

🩺 Clinical Signs (CS)

• Localized: eye, nose, ears - do not itch

• Generalized: starts at head and forelimbs, spreads to kidneys and trunk; alopecia & thickening of skin

• Pododmodicosis: foot in dogs; alopecia due to bacterial infection; destroys hair follicles

🔬 Diagnosis

• Skin scrapings

💊 Treatment

• Ivermectin

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Dictyocaulus viviparus

• Order: Strongylida

• Lungworm

• Family: Dictyocaulidae

🐮 Final Host (FH): Cattle, lama, alpaca

📍 Location: Bronchi & trachea

🔍 Morphology

• 3-8 cm

• Mouth with 3 lips

• Males have bursa copulatrix

🧬 Life Cycle (LC)

• Direct, ovoviviparous

  1. L1 larvae → feces

  2. L1 → L3 → FH ingest free L3 larvae

  3. Penetrates intestinal walls → lymphatic vessels.

  4. reaches mesenteric lymph gland.

  5. L3 → L4 → migrate to lungs.

  6. Migrate through the parenchyma to the airways.

  7. L4 → adult → adult lays eggs in the bronchi.

  8. eggs coughed up and swallowed → L1 hatches in the intestine.

• Prepatent phase: Larva adult in alveoli - bronchiolitis & bronchitis

• Patent phase: 1000 adult worms in bronchi - parasitic pneumonia

• Post-patent phase: recovery after adults are expelled - inflammation & lesions

• Calves in 1st grazing season most affected

• Adults have acquired immunity

💊 Treatment

• Ivermectin vaccines

🔬 Diagnosis

• Fecal flotation, larvoscopy

• ELISA

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🫀 Dirofilaria immitis (Dirofilaria)

• Order: Filaria

• Family: Onchocercidae

• Tropical

FH: Dogs, wild canids, cats, humans

IH: Mosquito

📍 Location: Heart, pulmonary artery, subcutis

20-30 cm big. 🤫

🧬 Life Cycle (LC)

• 6 months

  1. Adult in heart - produce microfilariae in bloodstream

  2. Ingested by female mosquito

  3. L3 injected to FH

  4. Subcutaneous & subserosal tissue - 2 molts to L5

  5. Adult migrates to heart

💊 Treatment

• Difficult; Ivermectin during mosquito season

🔬 Diagnosis

• ELISA & microfilariae in blood

🩺 Clinical Signs (CS)

• Vena cava syndrome

• Thickening of endothelium

Types:

• D. immitis different tail

• D. repens

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🐔 Heterakis gallinarum - Nematoda

• Order: Ascaridida

• Family: Heterakidae

• Worldwide

Vector of Histomonas meleagridis (blackhead disease)

FH: Chicken

PH: earthworm

Location: cecum

🧬 Life Cycle (LC)

• 3-4 weeks

  1. Unembryonated eggs passed in feces

  2. L3 (in egg or PH) is ingested

  3. Released in gut

  4. Migrate to cecum

  5. Adult

• No migration!!

• H. dispar: duck, goose

• H. isolonche: pheasant, wild birds.

🩺 Clinical Signs (CS)

• Very pathogenic for poultry - inflammation, thickening of cecum

this is? (slay ser ingenting🤣🤣)

Habronema Muscae - nematoda (H. majus, muscae)

• Order: Spirurida

• Family: Spiruridae

FH: Donkey, horse, mules, zebra, dogs

IH: House flies, face flies, stable flies (feeding on pre-existing wound and moist mucus)

Location:

• Adult in stomach

• Larva on skin, eyes, prepuce, nostrils & lips

🧬 Life Cycle

• Egg or L1 (eggs in H. muscae, larva in H. majus) is passed in feces

• Ingested by flies

• L1+L3

• L3 deposited by flies on skin

  1. On body skin: invades tissue and stops development

  2. Infective L3 around mouth is swallowed - stomach

• Adult stage after 2 months total

🩺 Clinical Signs

1. Conjunctival habronemiasis

   • Aberrant form

   • Granulomatous lesions in eyelids, 3rd eyelid, conjunctiva by Habronemia

2. Cutaneous habronemiasis

   • Aberrant form

   • Granulomatous lesions by invasion in skin wounds by both Habronemia and Drachia

   • Limbs, prepuce, external genitalia, ventral abdomen

   • Summer sores

3. Gastric habronemiasis

   • Large granulomatous mass in gastric mucosa by Draschia larva

   • Habronemia causes mild gastritis without tumor formation

Treatment: ivermectin

Diagnosis: Clinical signs

This is?`(legit zero)

Ancylostoma caninum. - Nematoda.

• Ancylostoma tubaeforme (cat)

• A. brazilience (cat)

• Uncinaria stenocephala

• Necator americanus

Morphology: Well-developed buccal capsule. Have 3 pairs of teeth used to attach to the mucosa of the intestine. Feeding - blood suckers. Larva migrans cutana by skin penetration. Anterior part bent dorsally, males have well-developed bursa, females lay 16000 eggs per day.

Location: small intestine.

Direct LC.

🧬 Life Cycle

1. Eggs hatch after 3 days in slightly moist soil

2. L1 -> L3 after 6 days

3. Infection by ingestion, mammary, or cutaneous

   1. Ingestion: L3 Intestine Adult

   2. Per skin: L3 Bloodstream Lungs Trachea Coughed-up-swallowed Adult

   3. Somatic migration/transplacental: larva from mother to fetus

   4. Transmammary (only caninum): larva stuck in tissue mammary gland of pregnant dog enter milk

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🐴 Oxyuris equi

FH: horse, location: LI

Common name: pinworms

🔍 Morphology

• Females:

  • Slender, sharp posterior end

  • Large, esophageal bulb

  • Swollen cuticle

• Males:

  • Much smaller

🧬 Life Cycle

• Direct

  1. Unembryonated eggs in SI hatch L3

  2. Pass into large intestine and goes into the mucosa of cecum and colon

  3. Molt to L4 (8-10 days)

  4. Adult (2 months) elongate & fertilized

  5. Female to anus to lay eggs on perineal skin (yellowish/gray, 8-60000 eggs)

  6. L3 inside egg (3-5 days)

  7. FH rubs anus against surfaces

💊 Treatment: Ivermectin

🔬 Diagnosis: Coprological with perianal swab

What is this? (just getting worse at this point)

Oesophagostomum Dentatum, nematoda

• O. brevicauda

• O. quadrispinulatum

• O. dentatum

• Final Host: Pig, Location: LI and Cecum

🧬 Life Cycle

• Direct LC

• Unembryonated eggs 45 days

  1. Eggs passed in feces

  2. hatches

  3. Molt L1-L3

  4. Ingested by FH SI & LI and forms cysts

  5. Inside cyst L3-L4

  6. L4 hatches & goes to lumen of LI

  7. Adult

• Nodules form in the cecum

💊 Treatment: Ivermectin

🔬 Diagnosis: Coprological (flotation)

🩺 Clinical Signs: All except O. venulosum forms nodules.

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🐔 Dispharynx nasuta, Nematoda

• Final Host: Poultry - Chicken turkey, game birds, pigeon

• America, Asia & Africa

🧬 Life Cycle

• Indirect/Direct

1. Adult lay egg in proventriculus of FH

2. Eggs shed in feces

   • Direct: FH eat contaminated soil fed or water with embryonated eggs

   • Indirect: FH eat IH (water lice, bugs)

💊 Treatment: Ivermectin

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Trichuris suis, Nematoda (står trichocephalus suis)

• Whipworm

• Oviparous

• Location: LI

🧬 Life Cycle

1. Unembryonated eggs are shed by host`s feces

2. L1 larvae develop inside the egg in the environment

3. Host ingest embryonated eggs

4. eggs hatch and L1 are released in the SI → large intestine (All 4 moults - happens)

5. The larvae matures into adults within LI → release eggs.

💊 Treatment: Fenbendazole

🔬 Diagnosis

• Flotation (K-M or Breza)

  • Unembry eggs

Esophagus 2/3 of body with glands (stichocytes)

Tail of male is coiled.

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Trichuris ovis

• male on right

• female on left (with long thin)

Adult - flaggellate shape, thread-like front part of the body 3-8 cm.

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Polymorphus magnus (Acanthocephala)

• Final Host: Duck goose swan chicken

• Location: SI

• IH: crustaceans

LC: - 30 days

1. embryonated eggs with acanthor shed in feces

2. eggs are eaten by IH → acanthella → cystacanth (infective stage forms)

3. FH ingest IH, cystacanth hatches and attach to SI wall → adults → lays eggs

🔬 Diagnosis: Sedimentation

Treatment: Bitinol

species of polymorphus: Minitus, magnus

“Picture shows adult - P. minitus” - Proboscis anteror - spirus and hooks.

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Oesterus Ovis

• Sheep nasal botfly

• Worldwide

• Larva: large black oral hooks, ventral surface has small spires.

• Adults: black spots (esp. thorax)

🧬 Life Cycle

• Viviparous

  • L1 is released by nostrils and mouth and migrate through nose → attach by hooks L2 frontal sinus → L3 migrate to nostrils → fall out by coughing or sneezing → molt into pupar adult

  • Larva stay in nose and frontal sinus through the winter. Complete migration when weather is warmer in spring

  • Males dies at fertilization

  • Adult flies (april -> june) Inside body rest of the year

🔬 Diagnosis: endoscopy, ELISA

💊 Treatment: Ivermectin

Rhinoestrosis in horses.

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Cephenemyia stimulator

Eggs hatch inside females → deposited into nostrils → migrate through nose into throat → L3 → fall out → pupate in soil → adult (2-3 weeks). Mates → egg.

Oviviparous. Deer botfly

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Melophagus ovinus (Insect)

• Vector of blue tongue virus & border disease virus (BDV)

  • Brown & hairy, host specific, permanent ectoparasite, wingless, small head, D-V flattened, strong legs with tipped claws, 3 pairs of legs, small eyes, when released from pupa they have wings which breaks when attached to host.

• LC: whole life in wool of sheep - hemnatophagous (blood sucking)

  • Chest and neck area or abd. wall

  • Complete metamorphosis

  • Viviparous

  • females produce 1 larva at the time inside mother for 1 week before → pupates.

  • Pupae is glued to wool

  • Females live for 4 months

  • increase in winter, spread by contact

Diagnosis: find adults or viviparous pupa on surface or larvae.

Treatment: Pour-on w/ pupates Pyrethorids, dipping

Cause melophagosis. (abnormal craving/eating)

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Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala) - ivermectin treat.

• Multiple host species

• Females release embryonated eggs with acanthor → in IH (arthropod) → acanthor released → acanthella → cystacanth → IH ingested by FH (fish) → intestine.

FH: fish

IH: arthropods
Alters behavior and color to make them more visible - goes from avoiding light to seeking it.

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Ticks

• A. maculatum 140 species

• A. americanum

• Amblyomma cayennese (ixodidae) - 3 host, large (THE LEFT ONE, BIGGER)

• Boophilus Microplus (Izodidae) - 1 host (THE RIGHT ONE)

Vector of hepatozoon americanum (Amblyemma)

Vector of Babesia bigemina (Boophilus)

• 3 host hard tick where each stage is on separate host over 3 years

• Temporary parasite fading 1 time per molt

• Females - blood sucker

• Found in tropic (Africa America)

🔍 Morphology

• Scutum on dorsal surface in male, small area in larva

• nymph and female, 1st pair of legs is longer to grasp host and has 6 segments, Haller's organ (ist pair) to detect (O2 & heart)

• Stigmata behind last pair of legs which is respiratory opening leading to trachea

• Gnathostoma ticks (head) - anterior

  • soft ticks - ventrally, cannot see head.

Signs: produces local lesions

Diagnosis: finding on skin, soft vs. hard - location of head.

💊 Treatment: spot on spray, bravecto

LC: Hemimetabolous.

• Egg → larva (3 pairs of legs) → nymph (4 pairs of legs, spiracle, no gonopore - 3 stages, protonymph, deutonymph, tritonymph) → Adult (4 pairs of legs, spiracle, gonopore)

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Hypoderma bovis

Includes species like H. actaeon and H. diana, belonging to the Oestridae family. H. lineatum + bovis - bovine.

• Location: Larvae are found under the skin, in the spinal cord (bovis), and esophagus. (H. lineatum)

• Adult: Adults are free-living.

• Larva: Barrel-shaped and dark brown.

• Life Cycle:

  • Eggs are laid on hair around the hindlimbs and hatch in 4 days.

  • Larvae migrate into the skin, then to the esophagus/spinal cord for hibernation during winter.

  • They migrate to the skin surface (30 days), drop off, and pupate for 1-3 months before emerging as adults in May-July.

  • H. bovis lays single eggs, with larvae migrating along nerves and the spinal cord.

  • H. lineatus lays eggs in batches, with larvae migrating along muscle or connective tissue.

• Clinical Signs:

  • Nodules with larvae inside.

  • H. bovis can cause paraplegia due to pressure on the spinal cord.

  • Dead larvae in tissue release proteolytic enzymes.

• Diagnosis: Finding lesions and eggs in summer.

• Treatment: Ivermectin is effective if used in Sep-Oct (to avoid larvae dying inside the animal). Adults live briefly to lay eggs and are host-specific.

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Large strongyles - Strongylus vulgaris (Nematode)
In horses, including Strongylus vulgaris, Strongylus edentatus, and Strongylus equinus (migratory)

• Worldwide distribution.

• Non-migratory species: Triodontophorous serratus, Triodontophorous tenuicollis, Triodontophorous brevicanda minor.

Location: Large intestine and cecum.

Life Cycle:

• Direct life cycle.

• Adults live in the large intestine and cecum.

• Eggs are passed in feces.

• L1 larvae hatch, develop into L3 larvae, and are ingested by the final host.

• S. vulgaris: L3 penetrates the mucosa, develops into L4 in the submucosa, enters arteries, and migrates to the cranial mesenteric artery, molts to L5, migrates to the intestinal wall, forming nodules around the large intestine, cecum, and colon. Nodules rupture, and adults emerge (6-7 months).

• S. equinus: L3 invades the wall of the small intestine, cecum, and colon, encapsulates in nodules, molts to L4, leaves nodules, goes through the peritoneal cavity to the liver (3 months), migrates back to the large intestine by crossing the abdominal cavity or via the pancreas, molts to L5 during the migration back (9 months).

• S. edentatus: L3 excyst in the small intestine, penetrates the gut wall, molts to L4 in the subserosa (3 months), often in nodules, migrates to the root of the mesenteric artery, then goes to the liver and lungs before going to the wall of the cecum and right central colon (immature adult in lumen of LI).

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Alfortiosis of the Peritoneum - Strongylus Edentatus.

• S. edentatus: L3 excyst in the small intestine, penetrates the gut wall, molts to L4 in the subserosa (3 months), often in nodules, migrates to the root of the mesenteric artery, then goes to the liver and lungs before going to the wall of the cecum and right central colon (immature adult in lumen of LI).

athogenesis:

• Young worms cause inflammation and obstruction of blood vessels.

• S. equinus early migration produces hemorrhagic nodules.

• S. edentatus L4 in subperitoneal cysts cause pathological changes in the flanks.

• Causes severe and fatal colic due to obstructed blood flow to the intestines.

• Adult worms create small bleeding ulcers in the large intestine, causing blood loss.

Clinical Signs: Colic and diarrhea.

Diagnosis:

• Flotation (fecal egg count).

• Necropsy.

Treatment:

• Moxidectin.

• Ivermectin.

this? (what the sheesh)

Small Strongyles (Cyathostomum) - Nematoda.

• Genera: Cyathostomum, Cabellonema, Coronocyclus, Cylicocyclus

• In cyst: resistant to most dewormers

• L3: does not migrate, sheaths in environment (when eaten, they exsheat).

• Location: LI and SI

• Life Cycle:

  • Adults live in the lining of the LI, laying eggs passed in feces → L3

  • L3 is ingested by the final host and encysts.

  • L3 can hibernate in cysts in the intestinal wall over the autumn/winter before hatching adults at the right time of year

  • L3 enters the wall of the cecum and LI, molts to L5, leaves the wall, and goes to the lumen to mature into adults.

• Pathogenesis:

  • Underperformance, loss of condition, feed inefficiency, and predisposition to secondary diseases.

  • Ulcerated gut wall when L5 leave the wall.

  • Severe enteritis (Cyathostominosis).

• Clinical Signs:

  • Severe diarrhea and weight loss.

• Treatment:

  • Moxidectin is the best choice, with Ivermectin as another option.

  • Yearly deworming is recommended.

• Diagnosis:

  • Flotation, necropsy, and larval culture for species identification.

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Angiostrongylus - A. vasorum

Superfamily: Metastrongylida
Family: Angiostrangylida

Morphology: Oviviparous (egg/Larval)

• L1: Roar tail with dorsal thorn, rudimentary buccal cavity, lips small and slender, thin spicula

• Males: Bursa copulatrix reduced or absent

Location: Pulmonary artery and right heart

Intermediate Host (IH): Snails
Paratenic Host (PA): Frogs

Distribution: Found in Western Europe & Canada

Life Cycle:

• 40-60 days

• L1 excreted in feces ingested by snails molt to L3

• Final Host (FH) ingests IH/PA, L3 is released, penetrates the wall of SI, molts to L4, goes through bloodstream to heart and lungs, L4 to L5 to adults

• Adults release eggs with L1, which is carried to lung capillaries

• L1 hatches, penetrates alveoli, migrates to pharynx, coughed up, swallowed, excreted in feces

Pathogenesis / Clinical Signs:
Chronic disease: Months to years, all positive for anemia, fatigue, anorexia, weight loss
Adult located in large vessels, Larva in lung arteries and capillaries
Leads to circulatory and heart failure
Severe infections: Tachycardia, tachypnoea, cough (with blood), nasal discharge

Diagnosis: Fecal flotation (Baermann method) and L1 in sputum

Treatment: Best: Milbemycin oxime, Fenbendazole: Same, but specific to lungs

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Tetrameres Fissispina

• Order: Spirurida

• Family: Tetrameres

• Species: fissipinna, americana, crami, confuce

FH: birds, in proventriculus

IH: crustaceans, cochroaches, grass hopper

🧬 Life Cycle

1. Eggs shed in feces hatch when ingested by IH molt to L3 FH eat IH migrates to glands in proventriculus molt to adult

2. Males in mucosal surface and upper regions of glands die after mating females is dup in mucosal glands

• Bloodsuckers: cause anemia and local erosion

🔬 Diagnosis: Necropsy dark spots on surface of proventriculus

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Gongylonema Pulchrum

Order: Spirurida

Species and Locations:

Gongylonema pulchrum: Found in the esophagus and rumen of various mammals (Ru, Su, Eq, Dur, Man).
G. verrucosum: Found in the rumen, reticulum, and omasum of ruminants (Ru).
G. ingluricula: Found in the crop, esophagus, and proventriculus of birds.
Intermediate Hosts: Coprophagous beetles and cockroaches.

Life Cycle:

Indirect life cycle.
Eggs are passed in feces and ingested by the intermediate host.
L1 larvae hatch and molt to L3 within the intermediate host.
Final host eats the intermediate host, and the parasite molts to an adult in the esophageal mucosa.
Pathogenicity:

Low pathogenicity but can cause irritation.
May cause mild esophagitis in the host.
Diagnosis: necropsy.

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Parascaris equorum - Nematode

Order and Family: Ascaridida, Ascarididae

Worldwide distribution

Morphology:
Females: 50 cm long
Males: 15-20 cm long
Mouth: 3 prominent lips
yellow to white
Large size

Final Host:
Horse & donkeys (especially young foals in SI)
Adults typically have immunity

Life Cycle:
Direct, 10 weeks
Unembryonated eggs passed in feces, develop to L3 inside the egg
Horse ingests egg with L3, hatches in SI
Larvae penetrate the wall, migrate to liver (L3 to L4)
Migrate to heart and lungs, then through bronchi to trachea, are coughed up and swallowed
Molts to L5 (adult) in SI

Pathogenesis:
Petechial hemorrhages in lungs, leading to lymphatic nodules with dying larva and lymphocytes
Nodules more common in older foals with re-infections
Foals may cough, gray/white nasal discharge.

Diagnose: fecal flotation, Treatment by Benzimidazole.

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Ascaris suis - Nematode.

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Acarida columbae - Order: Ascaridida

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Ascaridia anseris

FH: geese

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Ascaridia galli

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Toxocara vitulorum

this?

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Baylisascaris spp.

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Toxocara Leonina - nematode

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Toxocara cati

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Toxocara canis

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Stephanurus dentatus - nematode

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Gordius equanticus

this? (another shitty)

Syngamus Trachea - nematode

this?

Taeinia Taeniaformis - cysticercus fasciolaris (Cestode)

this?

Taenia Hydatigenea - Cysticercus tenuicollis

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Taenia saginata - cysticercus bovis

THIS?

Taenia multiceps - coenurus cerebralis

this?

taenia pisiformis - cysticercus pisiformis

Order: cyclophyllidae

Fam: taeniidae

? - WHAT THE FRICK

taenia pisiformis - c. pisiformis (CONGRATS du leste bra hehehehehesakfjre0fujfr9+43

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Taenia solium - cysticercus cellulosae

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Cittotaenia ctenoides - Cestode

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Echinococcus granulosus - Hydatid cyst

this?

Echinococcus multilocularis - Alveolar cyst

this?

Moniezia expansa - Small ru, Cestode

????

Moniezia benedeni i guess

this?

Sarcocystis sp.

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Eimeria stiedai - protozoa

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Anoplocephala perfoliata + magna (CESTODE)

THE?

Gammarus Pulex: Amphispoda

this is?

Fasciola hepatica - Trematode, worldwide

Order: Eccinostomidae

Fam: Fasciolidae

Common liver fluke

this?

Fascioloides magna - Trematode

this?

Paramphistomum cervi - trematode

• order - amphistomida

• Fam: paramphistomida

P. cervi, daubneyi, ichikawai, microbothrium

Alike F. hepatica eggs, just different color.

this?

Protostrongylus spp.

• protostrongylus rufescens, brevispiculum, muellerius capillaris, cystocaulus ocreatus - FH (cattle), IH (snail), located in respiratory

• Protostrongylus pulmonalis - rabbit, respiratory.

this?

Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus

this?

Contraceum rudolphii

this?

Dictyocaulus filaria

this?

Mesocestoides - lineatus, corti

this?

Drepanidotaenia lanceolata/HYMENOLEPSIS LANCEOLATA!

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Choanotaenia infundibulus - Poultry, SI

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Gallus gallus

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Raillietina - Echinobothriday - cesticullius, tetragona

this?

Dicrocoelium dendriticum - trematoda

explain tick organs - its BODY

MITES - BODY EXPLAIN