APUSH Ultimate Review

Time periods and vocab

1491-1607

The period in North American history before European colonization, encompassing indigenous societies and their cultures prior to the arrival of Columbus.This era highlights the diverse civilizations, trade networks, and socio-political structures of Native American tribes.

Indigenous life

Great plains tribes are nomadic, following Buffalo. Tribes on the coast are more sedimentary and complex thanks to Maize cultivation

Motivations; Gold, God, and Glory

Looking for raw materials to appease their monarchs and spread Christianity while enhancing national prestige. Natives often ended up in slavery like the Encomienda system. They were also dominated by European disease

Columbian Exchange

From America: Potatoes, Peppers, Tomatoes, CORN, Tobacco, Turkeys; From Europe: Horses, Cattle, Wheat, Coffee, Diseases

1607-1754

The period of early colonial America, marked by the establishment of Jamestown and interactions between European settlers and Native Americans.

Mercantilism

An economic theory that emphasizes government regulation of a nation's economy to augment state power at the expense of rival national powers, often promoting a favorable balance of trade. Creates competition between European powers.

French/Dutch

Create alliances with the native Americans in order to develop complex trade networks. They engaged in fur trade and established settlements to facilitate economic growth.

Spanish

Established colonies in the Americas, focusing on converting Native Americans to Christianity and exploiting resources. Major interactions included the encomienda system.

English

Establish colonies- some want money, some want freedom from persecution. Colonies in New England area focus on farming communities. Southern colonies focus on cash crops and exports. Eventually take control of the Atlantic coast.

First Great Awakening

A religious revival in the American colonies starting in 1744 emphasizing personal faith and emotion over tradition, leading to increased religious diversity and a questioning of established authority.

1754-1800

The period of the American Revolution and the subsequent formation of the United States, characterized by conflict with Britain, the drafting of key documents like the Declaration of Independence, and the establishment of a new government framework.

French and Indian War

A conflict between Britain and France from 1754 to 1763 in North America, where Native American allies played a crucial role, resulting in British dominance in the region and significant territorial gains.

Proclamation of 1763

GB wants colonies to stop moving west into French/native territory and help replay costs of war by restricting settlement west of the Appalachians.

New taxes

imposed by Britain on the American colonies after the French and Indian War to help pay off war debts, leading to widespread protests and resistance. Stamp act, Tea Acts, Townshend Acts

Salutary Neglect

A British policy that allowed the American colonies considerable autonomy and self-governance, minimizing enforcement of trade regulations before the French and Indian War.

Virtual Representation

The British government claimed that the American colonies were represented in Parliament even though they had no actual representatives, justifying taxation without direct consent.

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the United States, ratified in 1781, which established a weak federal government and limited powers. It was eventually replaced by the US Constitution due to its ineffective governance.

Constitution

The supreme law of the United States, established in 1787, outlining the framework for the national government and guaranteeing individual rights.

Federalist Papers

A series of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay advocating for the ratification of the US Constitution, promoting the principles of federalism and a strong central government.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791, that guarantee individual liberties and protect citizens from government overreach.

1800-1848

A period in American history marked by significant political, social, and economic changes, including the rise of democracy, expansion westward, and increasing sectional tensions leading to the Civil War.

Judicial Review

The power of courts to review laws and government actions to determine their constitutionality, established by the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison in 1803.

Second Great Awakening

A religious revival movement in the early 19th century that emphasized individual piety and social reform, leading to increased participation in various reform movements.

Henry Clay’s “American System”

An economic plan proposed by Henry Clay in the early 19th century aimed at strengthening the economy through a national bank, internal improvements, and protective tariffs.

Louisiana Purchase

1803- acquisition of territory from France that doubled the size of the United States.

1844-1877

Period of significant change in American history, including the expansion westward, the Civil War, and Reconstruction.

Immigration

During this time period immigrants were especially from Ireland and Germany.

“Know Nothing Party”

A political party in the 1850s that opposed immigration and the influence of immigrants, particularly targeting Irish Catholic immigrants.

Nativism

Nativism is a political ideology that favors the interests of native-born inhabitants over those of immigrants. It often manifests in opposition to immigration and the influence of immigrant populations.

Manifest Destiny

The 19th-century doctrine that the expansion of the US across the American continents was both justified and inevitable, driven by a sense of American exceptionalism.

Discovery of Gold in California

1840’s Gold Rush

Abraham Lincoln

The 16th president of the United States, he led the nation during the Civil War and worked to end slavery, notably issuing the Emancipation Proclamation. (1860)

Reconstruction

The period after the Civil War during which the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union, focusing on rebuilding society and ensuring civil rights for freed slaves.

1865-1898

The era marked by post-Civil War Reconstruction and the rise of the Gilded Age, characterized by economic growth and social changes in America.

Second Industrial Revolution

The period of rapid industrial growth in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, characterized by advancements in technology, manufacturing, and transportation, leading to significant economic and social changes.

Robber Barons

wealthy and powerful industrialists who gained wealth through exploitative practices, often criticized for their monopolistic and ruthless business tactics.

Unions

organizations formed by workers to protect their rights and interests, advocating for better wages, working conditions, and benefits.

Immigration (1865-1898)

More from S. And E. Europe

Reservations

designated areas of land for Native American tribes, often established by treaties with the United States government, which restricted their movements and rights.

The Gilded Age

a period of American history from the 1870s to the 1900s characterized by rapid economic growth, industrialization, and significant social issues, including corruption and inequality. (Coined by Mark Twain)

1890-1945

a timeframe encompassing significant events such as World War I, the Great Depression, and World War II which profoundly impacted American society and politics.

Progressives

a reformist movement in the early 20th century aimed at addressing social issues, political corruption, and economic inequality, advocating for changes such as women's suffrage, labor rights, and governmental reforms.

Great Depression

a severe worldwide economic downturn that lasted from 1929 to the late 1930s, marked by massive unemployment, poverty, and significant government intervention in the economy.

Muckwracker

a journalist or writer in the early 20th century who aimed to expose corruption, scandals, and societal issues, playing a key role in the Progressive Era.

New Deal

a series of programs and policies initiated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the 1930s to combat the effects of the Great Depression, focusing on economic recovery, job creation, and social welfare.

Harlem Renaissance

a cultural, social, and artistic explosion centered in Harlem, New York, during the 1920s that celebrated African American culture and produced influential works in literature, music, and art.

1945-1980

a period marked by the Cold War, civil rights movements, and significant social, cultural, and technological changes in the United States.

Cold War

a geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II, characterized by ideological conflict, military rivalry, and various proxy wars.

Marshall Plan

an American initiative passed in 1948 to aid Western Europe by providing economic support to help rebuild economies after the devastation of World War II.

Senator Joseph McCarthy

a U.S. Senator known for alleging communist infiltration in the government during the early Cold War, leading to a period of intense anti-communist suspicion and the practice of McCarthyism.

MLK Jr.

an influential American civil rights leader who advocated for nonviolent protest and was a key figure in the movement for racial equality in the 1960s.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

a landmark piece of legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, and aimed to end segregation in schools and public places.

Great Society

a domestic program initiated by President Lyndon B. Johnson aimed at eliminating poverty and racial injustice, encompassing various social reform initiatives.

1980-present

a period characterized by significant political, economic, and social changes in the United States, including the rise of conservatism and globalization.

Ronald Reagan

the 40th President of the United States, serving from 1981 to 1989, who implemented conservative economic policies and is known for significant tax cuts and for ending the Cold War.

9/11

a terrorist attack that occurred on September 11, 2001, when hijacked planes were used to target the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, leading to significant changes in US foreign and domestic policy.