The Development of British Hegemony in America 1740-1763

What were the three types of colony?

Proprietor

Corporate

Royal

What and who were the proprietor colonies?

The governor would own the land

Maryland, Pennsylvania and Delaware were this type of colony

What and who were the corporate colonies?

Popularly elected governors who were responsible to the legislature

Connecticut and Rhode Island were this type of colony

What and who were the royal colonies?

Governors were appointed by the King

This was the default type of colony, so most were royal colonies

What was the economy of the Northern colonies?

Shipbuilding and fish

What was the economy of the Middle colonies?

Grain and iron

What was the economy of the Southern states?

Tobacco and rice

Why did people go to the colonies?

• New life

• Rich in natural resources

• Fertile land to profit from

• Escape religious persecution

What was mercantilism?

All goods going to and from America had to go to the UK first and also had to be carried in English ships

What were the enumerated commodities?

Sugar, cotton, indigo, ginger and tobacco could only be exported to the UK

How did smuggling grow in America?

• Encouraged rebellion

• UK customs officers bribed

• Smugglers were tried in US courts, juries were often sympathetic

What was the Woollen Act 1699?

Forbade export and trade of yarn and cloth outside of the colony in which it was produced

What was the 1732 Hat Act?

Prohibited the export of colonial beaver hats

What was the Molasses Act 1733?

Molasses could not be directly bought from the Caribbean, it must be shipped to the UK first

What was the Iron Act 1750?

Banned the export of colonial iron outside of the empire

What was salutary neglect?

Giving America greater autonomy - loosening trade and supervision over the colonies

What was the Great Awakening?

• Religious revivals

• Preachers drew large crowds emphasising the importance of a personal relationship with God.

• Notable preachers: George Whitfield, Johnathan Edwards

• Emphasis on moral code over the church

What was the most notable American success in the War of Austrian Succession?

1745 Capture of Louisbourg

What happened with the Ohio Valley in 1754?

GB granted 200,000 acres of land

The French built many forts between Lake Erie and the Allegheny River

What was the 1754 Albany Congress?

Established the Inter-colonial Confederation between the Colonists and the Native Americans

What was Washington’s Campaign in 1754?

French eventually captures Fort Prince George and renames it to Fort Duquesne

However, in trying to regain the fort, Washington was forced to surrender at the Battle of Jumonville Glen

What forts were lost in 1755 but other success?

Fort Niagara and Fort Oswego were lost

However, there was some success in Nova Scotia

What was positive about the relationship with the Native Americans?

• Help in farming

• Help in getting land

• Trading opportunities - beaver pelts

• Native Americans able to get modern technology - guns and munitions

What was negative about the relationship with the Native Americans?

• Colonists were land greedy - this caused war with the French since the NAs had French support

• Colonists brought disease to the NAs - smallpox, influenza

Who became Secretary of State in 1757 following the start of the Seven Year War?

William Pitt

What did Pitt do as Secretary of State?

• Developed the three-pronged strategy to attack Louisbourg, Ticonderoga and Quebec

• Deployed 45,000 troops

• Appointment of able officers - Howe, Wolfe, Amherst

• 1757 Militia Act - Local militias formed to protect Britain since a lot of the war was in Europe

How were finances dealt with for the Seven Years War?

• Pitt paid Frederick of Prussia to attack French troops

• Loans and taxes were used - however, Pitt does help to recover the economy afterwards

What was the role of the colonists during the Seven Years War?

Pitt ensures that British and American officers are treated the same, this helped to grow patriotism

What was the role of the British navy in the Seven Years War?

Navy used to stop France and Spain from resupplying troops. Lord Anson reformed the Navy, helping in the victories at Louisbourg and Quebec

What was the importance of the Native Americans in the Seven Years War?

Britain supplied the Natives so that they would be preferred over the French. Would help in some offensives

What were some of the weaknesses of the French during the Seven Years War?

British blockades

Poor harvests in their colonies

Smaller colonist population

What happened in Quiberon Bay in 1759?

Hawke has victory over the western coast of France - this stopped the French from being able to supply their forces in America

What was education like in the colonies?

• Encouraged

• 75% white males adults could read

• 9 colleges and universities

• More than 30 newspapers in circulation

• Boasting culture

What were the terms of the 1763 Treaty of Paris?

• France had to give up its American colonies

• France hands Canada and all land east of the Mississippi to Britain

• All land west of the Mississippi was given to Spain