SOC 150 Exam 4 - CSUN Carter Fall '19

Economy

a system of producing goods and services

Technology

knowledge of how to control natural and social elements; one of the elements of an economy

Physical capital

implements used to gather, produce, and distribute; one of the elements of an economy

Human capital

knowledge, skill, and motivations among those who occupy positions and play roles in the economy

Property

socially constructed rights to own, possess, and use physical and symbolic objects of value

Entrepreneurship

the way the other elements are organized for gather, producing, and distributing

Capitalism

private ownership of means of production, market competition, pursuit of profit

Socialism

public ownership of means of production, central planning, the distribution of goods without profit

Capitalists believe...

market forces should determine products and pries, profit is good

Socialists believe...

an item's value is based on the work that went into it, the government should protect workers from exploitation, profit is immoral

Oligopoly

the rule of the many by few

Industrialized societies

the movement of workers out of primary industries and into secondary and tertiary industries

Primary industries

produce raw materials (farming, fishing, mining, forestry)

Secondary industries

turn raw materials into finished products (mills and factories).

Tertiary industries

service oriented (education, government, police and fire, etc.)

Outsourcing

occurs when a society transfers their production of goods and services to industrializing societies where labor costs are lower

Religion

a unified system of beliefs and practices aligned with a society's sacred elements

Sacred

something or someone holy

Profane

something or someone nonreligious

All religions involve

a concern with the sacred and supernatural, rituals, beliefs about the nature of the supernatural, cult structures

Cosmology

a set of beliefs concerning the nature of the universe

Cults

a new religion with few followers, whose teachings, and practices are at odds with the dominant culture and prevailing religion

Sects

a loosely organized religious group that is similar to but larger than a cult

Churches

a bureaucratized organization with structured rules and some sort of hierarchy of authority

Ecclesia

a religious group that is integrated into the dominant culture to such a degree that it is difficult to differentiate where one begins and the other ends

Functionalist perspective on religion

religion answers existential questions, supports government, is an agent of social control

Conflict theory on religion

religion supports the status quo of a society and maintains social inequality

Symbolic interactionist perspectives

religion provides values and meaning in people's lives.

Kinship structures serve

to regulate sex drives so that social organization is possible

Kinship

represents people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption

Nuclear family

spouses and children

Extended family

nuclear family, plus grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins

Polygamous family

multiple spouses

Endogamy

the practice of marrying within one's own group (normal)

Exogamy

the practice of marrying outside one's own group

Patrilineal systems

trace descent on father's side

Matrilineal systems

trace descent on mother's side

Bilateral (or bilineal) systems

trace descent of both father's and mother's side

Patriarchy

men dominant women

Matriarchy

women dominate men; there is no historical example of it

Egalitarian

authority is shared between men and women

Kinship in Hunter/Gatherer societies

vitally important; the primary basis of social organization

Kinship in Horticultural societies

extremely important; provided the basic framework of the social system

Kinship in agrarian societies

for individuals, it remained important but for societies in this period, it ceased to be the chief integrating force

Kinship in the industrial era

changed from historical kinships in three main ways: average size declined, type of family has changed, growing difficulty for young adults to form their own families

Functionalist perspective on kinship

believes the family provides socialization, care, regulation of sexual activity, social placement

Conflict perspective on kinship

sees the family promoting inequality because property is inherited through the family, and the family is generally patriarchal

Collective behavior

the action of behavior of people in groups and crowds

Crowd behavior is

unanimous, emotional, and intellectually weak, and therefore represents great threats to social order.

Emergent Norm Perspective on collective behavior

focuses on uncertainty, observation, circular reinforcement, and action motivated by emergent norms

Uncertainty in collective behavior

collective behavior can occur whenever people find themselves in a situation where they are confused or don't know what to do

Observation in collective behavior

when people don't know what to do, they look around to see what other people are doing

Circular reinforcement in collective behavior

when a group member engages in a behavior, all other group members wait to see what will happen

Action motivated by emergent norms

because people conform to the norms of their social surroundings, they will follow the group's new emergent norms.

Social movements

unconventional collectives with varying degrees of organization that attempt to promote or prevent social change

A collectivity

a collection of people that is not as structured as a group

Reform/moderate social movements

moderate and seek modest change within an existing system

Revolutionary/radical social movements

radical and seek fundamental changes of a system rather than changes within a system

Instrumental social movements

seek to change the structure of society

Expressive social movements

address problems and needs of individuals or seek to change individuals' behavior

Progressive social movements

seek to improve the future, especially for marginalized groups

Conservative social movements

seek to prevent change or resurrect the past

Social Movement Combinations

Reformative social movements

seek to change an entire community or society, but in a limited way. The goal is to change society's attitude about a specific issue

Alternative social movements

seek to create change in some people's thoughts or behavior in a specific area

Transformative social movements

seek to completely destroy the old social order and replace it with a new one

Redemptive social movements

seek to create a more dramatic change, but only in specific individual's lives

The three explanations that address how social movements originate are

individual explanations, micro social explanations, macrostructural explanations

The Individual explanation of social movements

irrationality and crowds and rational choice

The Microsocial explanation of social movements

relative deprivation and status strains

The Macrostructural explanation of social movements

broad societal conditions that cause collective behavior; value-added theory

Value-added theory

there are six conditions which operate to predict people's mobilization to act collectively: structural conduciveness, structural strain, growth and spread of generalized beliefs, precipitating factors, mobilization of participants for action, weakening of social control

Structural conduciveness

the permissiveness of an existing social order to generate collective behavior and social movements

Structural strain

refers to various social problems which may exist

Growth and spread of generalized beliefs

the more beliefs in a society that identify the source of strain or suggest solutions to problems, the more likely collective behavior will emerge

Precipitating factors

specific events that sharpen the focus of strain will cause people to mobilize together

Mobilization of participate for action

without some sort of organizing force which focuses efforts and defines responsibilities of those aligned with a cause, people are not likely to mobilize effectively

Weakening of social control

ineffectiveness of the mechanism of constraint in society can lead to collective behavior