CPAR Term 1 - Grade 12

Contemporary Philippine Art of the Regions

T'nalak

A sacred, hand-woven cloth of the T'boli people of Lake Sebu and the South Cotabato highlands in Mindanao, made from abaca fiber using the resist-dye (ikat) technique.

Dreamweavers

The term for T'boli women who weave t'nalak, so called because they believe the cloth's patterns come to them in dreams rather than from memorized templates.

Ikat

The tie-resist dyeing technique used to color abaca thread before it is woven, creating t'nalak's patterns.

Abaca

The banana-plant fiber (from Musa textilis) used as the raw material for weaving t'nalak.

Fu Dalu

The T'boli guardian spirit of abaca and weaving, believed to give weavers their patterns through dreams and to inhabit the yarn during the weaving process.

Kedungon

The process of separating abaca fibers from the plant pulp using a tool fitted with a cowrie shell.

Damgo

The stage in t'nalak-making where the weaver receives her cloth's pattern in a dream from Fu Dalu before weaving begins.

Backstrap loom

The traditional hand loom used to weave t'nalak, a painstaking process that can take weeks to months per length of cloth.

Devices used by traditional weavers to produce textiles.

Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan

The Philippine "National Living Treasure" award; T'boli weaver Lang Dulay received this honor for preserving t'nalak weaving.

Lang Dulay

A T'boli master weaver awarded the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan for her lifelong work preserving t'nalak weaving.

Burnay

Unglazed, wheel-thrown earthenware/stoneware jars traditionally produced in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, whose craft was introduced by Chinese immigrants in the late 18th–19th century.

Panagburnay

The local Ilocano term for the entire jar-making tradition and process.

Pagburnayan

The local terms for burnay jar-making sites or workshops.

AKA Camarin

Binokel

Crushed shards mixed with clay and sand to make the burnay clay mixture.

Fidel Antiporda Go

The potter of Ruby Pottery in Vigan recognized as a National Folk Artist for burnay-making.

Basi

A traditional Ilocano sugarcane wine historically stored and aged inside burnay jars.

Bagoong

Fermented fish, another traditional food historically stored inside burnay jars.

Vinta

A traditional outrigger sailboat from Mindanao built and used by the Sama-Bajau, Tausug, and Yakan peoples, known for its brightly colored rectangular sails and forked (bifurcated) prow and stern resembling a crocodile's open mouth.

Katig

The bamboo floats that form the vinta's outrigger, providing stability in shallow waters.

Batangan

The mangrove-wood booms that attach the bamboo outrigger floats (katig) to the vinta's hull.

Bukay

The rectangular lug sail of the vinta, woven from pandanus-leaf mats or dyed cloth.

Okir

The flowing, curvilinear carved decorative designs applied to vintas, historically signifying the owner's social status.

Patuk

The adze (carving tool) used to hand-carve the vinta's hull from a lawaan log.

Palau

A house-like structure or cabin added to some vintas, allowing them to be used as houseboats.

Regatta de Zamboanga

An annual festival held during the Zamboanga Hermosa Festival that celebrates the vinta as a cultural icon of Zamboanga City.

Vinta Festival

An annual festival held in Jolo celebrating the vinta tradition.

Ibaloi Fire Mummies

Mummified remains of Ibaloi ancestors found in burial caves and rock shelters in Kabayan, Benguet, preserved through smoke and controlled dehydration rather than embalming fluids; also called Kabayan Mummies, Benguet Mummies, or meking.

Meking

The local Ibaloi/Benguet term for the fire mummies.

National Cultural Treasures

The legal status declared for the Ibaloi Fire Mummies under Presidential Decree No. 260/374 (1973).

Apo Anno

A famous tattooed Ibaloi tribal leader mummy that was stolen from its coffin in 1919 and only returned to its resting cave in 1999.

Batok

The traditional hand-tapped tattooing practice of the Kalinga people (particularly the Butbut sub-tribe) of Buscalan, Tinglayan, Kalinga province.

Mambabatok

The traditional term for a hand-tap tattoo artist who practices batok.

Pambatok

The tool used in batok tattooing, a bamboo stick with a pomelo (citrus) thorn attached, used to tap ink into the skin.

Apo Whang-od

The world-renowned mambabatok regarded as the last and oldest of her generation, who in 2023 became the oldest person ever featured on the cover of Vogue Philippines; she trains her grandnieces to continue the craft.

Japanese Propaganda

Print materials such as posters, leaflets, and comics distributed to the public during the Japanese occupation. They promoted Philippine-Japan cooperation, rejected Western influences, and supported Japanese rule.

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

The political and ideological vision promoted by Japan to unite Asian countries under Japanese leadership during World War II.

Japanese Occupation of the Philippines (1942–1945)

The period when the Imperial Japanese Army occupied the Philippines during World War II. It was marked by military control, violence, censorship, and human rights abuses.

Imperial Japanese Army

The military force that occupied the Philippines and established a system of slavery during World War II.

Bahay na Pula

(San Ildefonso, Bulacan)

A former mansion built on a large hacienda that became known for atrocities committed during the Japanese occupation. It is remembered as a symbol of horror and suffering, where villagers report haunting cries and human remains continue to be discovered.

Singian Mansion

(San Fernando, Pampanga)

A mansion appropriated by the Japanese Imperial Army as the residence of General Masaharu Homma, commander of the 14th Army. After the war, its owners restored the damaged house and preserved it through later generations.

War Casualty Paintings

Paintings created toward the end of 1945 despite censorship, depicting the suffering and casualties caused by war.

Doomed Family (1945)

A painting by Dominador Castaneda portraying the tragic effects of war on Filipino families.

Bagong Lipunan

The concept introduced during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos that promoted the vision of a "New Society" and led to modern arts and culture programs during Martial Law.

Bagong Pagsilang

A song by Levi Celerio and Felipe Padilla de Leon expressing the ideals of change and rebirth promoted under Bagong Lipunan.

Social Realism

A form of protest art that emerged during the 1970s and 1980s as a response to political and social issues in the Philippines.

Protest Art

Art created to express criticism or opposition toward political and social issues. In the Philippines, Social Realism became a major form of this during the Martial Law period.

Kaisahan

An artist collective formed through the Social Realism movement. Its members created artworks depicting the country's social and political conditions.

Itak sa Puso ni Mang Juan (1978)

An iconic watercolor painting by Antipas Delotavo representing the struggles and realities of Filipino society during the Martial Law era.

Kinupot (1977)

A canvas sculpture by Edgar Talusan Fernandez depicting the social and political conditions of the period.

Salingpusa

A Manila-based artists' organization formed in the 1980s by Fine Arts students from the University of the Philippines. It was inspired by Kaisahan.

Cultural Center of the Philippines

Established in 1969 to showcase, promote, and enrich the arts in the Philippines.

Tanghalang Pambansa

The main building of the Cultural Center of the Philippines. It was designed by National Artist Leandro Locsin.

Conceptual Art

An art movement emphasizing ideas and concepts over traditional artistic techniques. Roberto Chabet is regarded as its father in the Philippines.

Found Objects

Ordinary or existing objects incorporated into artworks instead of creating everything from traditional materials. Roberto Chabet became known for using them in his works.

Developmental Art

The artistic philosophy promoted by Raymundo Albano that encouraged the growth and development of contemporary Philippine art.

National Artist Award

The highest recognition given to Filipino artists who have made significant contributions to Philippine arts. It was established in 1972 under Presidential Decree No. 1001.

Presidential Decree No. 1001

The decree issued in 1972 that established the National Artist Award.

National Commission on Culture and the Arts

The government agency that administers the deliberation and selection process of the National Artist Award together with the CCP.

National Artist Award Disciplines

The recognized fields for the National Artist Award:

Architecture, Design and Allied Arts;
Film and Broadcast Arts;
Visual Arts;
Literature;
Dance;
Music;
and Theatre.

Dominador Castaneda

Filipino artist who painted Doomed Family (1945), a work depicting the casualties and suffering caused by war near the end of the Japanese occupation.

Diosdado Lorenzo

Filipino artist who painted Rape and Massacre in Ermita (1947), portraying atrocities committed during the Japanese occupation.

Levi Celerio

Lyricist of Bagong Pagsilang, a song expressing the ideals of change and rebirth during the Bagong Lipunan period.

Felipe Padilla de Leon

Composer of Bagong Pagsilang, a song promoting the ideals of the Bagong Lipunan movement.

Antipas Delotavo

Social Realist artist known for the iconic 1978 watercolor painting Itak sa Puso ni Mang Juan, depicting Philippine social and political realities.

Edgar Talusan Fernandez

Social Realist artist known for the 1977 canvas sculpture Kinupot, which portrayed the country's social and political conditions.

Al Manrique

Artist and member of the Kaisahan collective, a group associated with the Social Realism movement.

Elmer Borlongan

Leader of Salingpusa, an artists' organization formed in the 1980s by Fine Arts students from the University of the Philippines.

Leandro Locsin

National Artist who designed the Tanghalang Pambansa, the main building of the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP).

Roberto Chabet

Founding museum director of the CCP (1967–1970). Started the 12 Artists Awards in 1970 and is regarded as the Father of Conceptual Art in the Philippines for his use of found objects.

Raymundo Albano

CCP museum director from 1970–1985. Curator-artist who promoted the idea of Developmental Art.

General Masaharu Homma

Commander of the Japanese 14th Army who used the Lazatin/Singian Mansion in San Fernando, Pampanga as his residence during the Japanese occupation.

Modern Art

Works created from the American Period (approximately late 1890s) to the Postwar Period (approximately late 1960s).

Contemporary Art

Works produced from the 1970s onward (with some sources extending to the 1980s or post-World War II).

Context

Refers to the different factors and conditions that affect the reception and meaning-making of a work of art.

Mode of Perception

A context of art referring to how a particular work is received by its audience.

Tattoos

Permanent body ornamentations with designs inspired by nature, used historically in the Philippines to protect from evil spirits and as a badge of maturity and bravery.

Islas de los Pintados

The Spanish name for the Visayas region, referring to the tattooed inhabitants.

Ling-ling-o

A Cordillera amulet (prevalent in Southeast Asia) that signifies fertility.

Lotoan

Traditional metalwork betel nut boxes.

Kendi

Traditional metalwork liquid containers.

Gadur

A traditional metalwork container.

Cire Perdue Technique

A metalworking technique where molten metal is poured into a mold made from a wax model.

Pis Siyabit

A traditional woven headcloth created and worn by Tausug men.

Binacol

Woven textiles from Ilocos; specifically features geometric patterns that create an optical illusion of water.

Langkit

Tapestry panels woven by the Maranao that can be sewn into a colorful malong.

Manunggul Jar

A secondary burial jar from the Neolithic Period (890–710 BC) excavated in Palawan, featuring two human-like figures on a boat.

Maitum Anthropomorphic Jars

Secondary burial jars from the Metal Age (5 BC–225 AD) found in Sarangani, featuring human-like forms with facial expressions, limbs, or body features.

Mayvanuvanua

A sacrificial rite performed by the mataw fishers at the beginning of the summer fishing season in Batanes to prepare the port and appease sea spirits ("making a port").

Mataw

Hook-and-line fishers of dorado fish in Batanes.

Kashawing

A ritual performed in Lake Lanao for rice planting and a bountiful harvest, recreating an agreement with lake spirits.

Cañao

A ritual practiced in the Cordilleras for healing the sick, child birth, burial ceremonies, and weddings.

Man-manok

A Bagobo dance in Mindanao evocative of the movements of roosters and hens.

Pangalay

A traditional dance that imitates the movement of seabirds.

Ideophones

Instruments that produce sound from the material of the instrument vibrating by itself (e.g., agung, gangsa, kulintang, gabbang).

Gabbang

A bamboo xylophone found in the Southern Philippines.

Gangsa

Flat gongs usually found in Northern Philippines.

Agung

Deep-rimmed, suspended gongs.

Kulintang

An array of bossed gongs.

Aerophones

Wind instruments that produce sound by blowing air into them (e.g., paldong, tongali, palendag, diwas).

Chordophones

Stringed instruments that produce sound via vibrating strings (e.g., lutes, zithers).