fine motor skills

4-6 yrs old

● Performs rapid alternating movements

Dysdiadochokinesia

is the impairment

Palmar Pinches

standard (pad to pad, three-jaw chuck/radial digital), spherical, cylindrical, disc

3-3.5 years old

complex rotation age

Static tripod grasp

3.5-4 years

writing 2 yrs old

● Imitates vertical/circular strokes
Trace → Imitate → Copy

writing 3 y/o

● Copies circles
● Imitates cross

writing 6 y/o

● Copies diamond

scissors 2.5 y/o

● Cuts across a 6" paper.
● It will not be a straight path or line, but they
will be able to cut it.

2 - 2.5 yrs old

● Moves small objects from palm to fingers
● Builds 6-block tower
● Able to open lid of jars (rotation)

2.5-3 yrs old

● Builds 8-block towers
● Strings 1-inch beads
● Hand dominance is established

3-4 yrs old

● Builds 10-block tower
● Strings half-inch beads
● Folds a piece of paper

Diadochokinesia

the capacity of the body to perform rapid alternating movements in the forearm.

Adiadochokinesia

is the complete inability

Hand preference

(2 - 4 years old)

Hand dominance

(5 - 6 years old)

Handedness

7 years & above

Non-prehensile

involves pushing or lifting with fingers of the entire hand

Prehensile

grasping of objects

Precision

Opposition of the thumb to fingertips to hold an object. Precision under prehension

Power

entire hand used to resist forces on the objects

Hook grasp

transverse metacarpal arch is essentially flat. The thumb is not involved

Power grasp

used to control tools or other objects. You are holding the object without the thumb opposing any of the fingers

Lateral Pinch

Holding a key. It is not opposition because the plane of motion is towards the pad of the fingers and not the side.

Translation

linear movement of the object; objects stay in constant contact with thumb and fingers

Palm to finger translation age

2 - 2.5 years old

Finger to palm translation age

12 - 15 months

shifting

● linear movement on the finger surface to allow repositioning; radial side of the hand
● 3 - 3.5 years old
● Ex. When holding a pencil and shifting the pencil and adjusting where you are holding it from.

Simple Rotation

involves turning or rolling of an object at the finger pads at 90 degrees;

2-2.5 years old

simple rotation age

Complex Rotation

rotation of an object at 180 - 360 degrees

Stabilization

On top of the movement within the hand, the other
component will be needed to stabilize something while
performing the in-hand manipulation

digital pronate grasp

2-3 years

digital pronate grasp

● Held with fingers
● Wrist straight
● Forearm pronated
● Slight ulnar deviation
● Forearm moves as a unit

Static tripod grasp

● Crude approximation
● Ring and little fingers are slightly flexed
● Grasped proximally
● No localized digital movements
● Already using three fingers
● Hands move as a unit

Dynamic tripod grasp

● Precise opposition
● Wrist slightly extended
● Grasped distally
● Localized movements of PIP
● Stabilized MCP joints

Dynamic tripod grasp

4.5-6 years

writing 2.5 y/o

● Imitates horizontal strokes
● Imitates two or more strokes

writing 3.5 y/o

● Traces diamond (rounded)

writing 4 y/o

● Copies cross

writing 4.5 y/o

● Copies square

writing 5 y/o

● Copies Triangle

scissors 3 - 3.5 y/o

● Cuts on a line that is 6" long (horizontal/vertical)

scissors 3.5 - 4 y/o

● Cuts a circle, triangle

scissors 4.5 - 5 y/o

● Cuts a square

scissors 5 - 7 y/o

● Cuts zigzag lines and curves; more complex cutting