AP Psychology Unit 8

Motivation

the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal

Instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Drive-reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Glucose

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Anorexia Nervosa

a psychological disorder characterized by somatic delusions that you are too fat despite being emaciated

Bulimia Nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

Binge-eating disorder

an eating disorder in whcih a person repeatedly eats large amounts of food at one time

Sexual Response Cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Matsters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Emotion

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

James-Lange Theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

Cannon-Bard theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

Two-factor theory

Schachter's theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

Facial Feedback

theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being experienced which in turn causes and intensifies emotion

Well-being

a positive state that includes striving for optimal health

adaptive-level phenomenon

our tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

relative deprivation

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

behavioral medicine

an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease

stress

a state of mental or emotional strain or suspense

General Adaptation Syndrome

Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion

Coronary Heart Disease

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

Psycho-physiological Illness

Literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

Abraham Maslow

humanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence

William Masters

was an American gynecologist, best known as the senior member of the Masters and Johnson sexuality research team. Along with Virginia E. Johnson, he pioneered research into the nature of human sexual response and the diagnosis and treatment of sexual disorders and dysfunctions from 1957 until the 1990s.

Paul Ekman

emotion; found that facial expressions are universal

William James

founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment

Richard Lazarus

developed the cognitive-medical theory of emotions

Joseph LeDoux

psychologist who believed that some of our emotional reactions involve no deliberate thinking and cognition is not always necessary for emotion

Robert Rosenthal

social psychology; focus on nonverbal communication, self-fulfilling prophecies; Studies: Pygmalion Effect-effect of teacher's expectations on students

Stanley Schachter

emotion; stated that in order to experience emotions, a person must be physically aroused and know the emotion before you experience it

Hans Seyle

flight or fight developed into general adaptation syndrome (Walter Cannon)