Biology G210 Lecture 3: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Flashcards based on Biology G210 Lecture 3: Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.

Describe the DNA of Prokaryotes

DNA not enclosed in a membrane, one circular chromosome.

What organelles are present in Prokaryotes?

No membrane-bound organelles.

Describe the DNA of Eukaryotes

DNA enclosed in a membrane (nucleus), multiple chromosomes.

Are there membrane bound organelles in Eukaryotes?

Yes, they have nuc11y.

What is the the spherical bacterial shape called?

Cocci

What is the rod-shaped bacterial shape called?

Bacillus

What are the different types of spiral bacteria?

Vibrio, spirillum, spirochete

What does pleomorphic mean relating to bacteria?

Many shapes

What type of bacteria is Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

Bacteria, gram (+), pleomorphic

What disease does Corynebacterium diphtheriae cause?

Diphtheria: sore throat, fever, blocked airways

Where does Corynebacterium diphtheriae attach itself?

Inhaled & attaches to back of throat

What toxin does Corynebacterium diphtheriae produce?

Diphtheria toxin produced, kills cells, inflammation, pseudomembrane

What are the effects of the pseudomembrane and toxins from Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

Pseudomembrane can asphyxiate, toxins in blood -> heart & CNS damage

How is Corynebacterium diphtheriae treated?

Penicillin / antitoxin

What is Diplococci?

Pair of cocci

What is Streptococcus?

Chain of cocci

What is a Tetrad?

Cluster of 4 cocci

What is Sarcina?

Cubical packet of 8 cocci

What is Staphylococcus?

Grape-like bunches

What type of bacteria is Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

Bacteria, gram (-) diplococci

What disease does Neisseria gonorrhoeae cause?

Gonorrhea: urethritis, cervicitis with excessive discharge

Where does Neisseria gonorrhoeae attach?

Attaches to epithelial cells of urethra or cervix

What does Neisseria gonorrhoeae cause in the body?

Inflammation -> Neutrophil infiltration -> pus

How is Neisseria gonorrhoeae treated?

Azithromycin or doxycycline

What type of bacteria is Streptococcus pyogenes?

Bacteria, gram (+) cocci

What diseases does Streptococcus pyogenes cause?

Pharyngitis (strep throat), necrotizing fasciitis, rheumatic fever

How does Streptococcus pyogenes avoid phagocytosis?

Bacteria uses M protein to bind & prevent phagocytosis

What toxins are produced by Streptococcus pyogenes?

Hyaluronidase: Spreads infection -> blood / Erythrogenic toxins: Vasodilation / Streptolysins: Lyse RBC

How is Streptococcus pyogenes treated?

Penicillin (prevent rheumatic fevers)

What is Diplobacillus?

Pair of bacilli

What is Streptobacillus?

Chain of bacilli

What are Palisades?

Bacilli connected in parallel with each other

What are the main components of cell structure for prokaryotes?

External appendages, cell wall, plasma membrane, internal structures

What are the external appendages of prokaryotes?

Glycocalyx, Flagella, Axial filaments, Fimbriae, Pili

What is Glycocalyx?

Layer of material covering the cells, around bacterial cells

What are the two types of Glycocalyx?

Capsule: organized and firmly attached / Slime layer: unorganized and loosely attached

What is Glycocalyx composed of?

Polysaccharides, and glycoproteins (some polypeptides)

What is the function of Glycocalyx?

Adhesion to surfaces, osmotic barriers, protect bacteria from phagocytosis, storage of nutrients

What type of bacteria is Streptococcus pneumoniae?

Bacteria, gram (+) cocci

What diseases can Streptococcus pneumoniae cause?

Pneumonia, bacterial meningitis

How does Streptococcus pneumoniae invade the body?

Capsules allow bacteria to attack, invade, resist phagocytosis

Where does Streptococcus pneumoniae spread in the body?

Spread to blood, CSF

How is Streptococcus pneumoniae treated?

Penicillin

What are Flagella?

Long filamentous appendages that rotate to propel bacteria

What are the components of Flagella?

Filament (flagellin protein arranged in helix), hook, basal body

What is the function of Flagella?

Motility and taxis

What does monotrichous mean in reference to flagella?

One flagellum

What does lophotrichous mean in reference to flagella?

Several at one pole

What does amphitrichous mean in reference to flagella?

At both poles

What does peritrichous mean in reference to flagella?

All over cell

What is taxis?

Moving toward or away from a substance

How does bacterial flagella spin and move?

Counterclockwise = run / Clockwise = tumble

How do attractants and repellants affect flagella spin?

Attractants cause flagella to spin counterclockwise, repellants cause them to spin clockwise

What are Axial Filaments?

Bundles of fibrils that wrap around the cell wall of spirochetes

What is the function of Axial Filaments?

Corkscrew motion motility

What type of bacteria is Borrella burgdorferi?

Bacteria, gram (-) spirochete

What disease does Borrella burgdorferi cause?

Lyme disease: tick-borne infection of joints, nervous system, and skin

How does Borrella burgdorferi enter the body?

Bacteria enters through tick blood meal

What is the hallmark of stage 1 lyme disease?

Erythema migrans lesion (bull's eye rash) at bite site

What happens in stage 2 lyme disease?

Bacteria spread oblood - multiple erythema migrans

What happens in stage 3 lyme disease?

Spreads to joints & NS -> inflammation

How is Lyme Disease treated?

Amoxicillin or doxycycline

What are Fimbriae?

Several short hair-like projections

What do Fimbriae provide for the cell?

Surface adhesion

What are Pili?

One or two longer hair-like projections

What is the function of Pili?

Motility (twitching, gliding), Sexual-conjugation

What is the cell wall structure

Lattice net-like structure

What is peptidoglycan composed of?

Disaccharides (NAG and NAM), linked by polypeptides

What is the function of cell wall?

Maintains shape of cell, physical protection, enables cell to escape rupture in hypotonic environment

How many peptidoglycan layers in Gram (+) Cell walls?

Many layers of peptidoglycan

What is Teichoic Acid?

Composed of alcohol and phosphate/ Antigenic

What are the types of Teichoic acid and where are they linked?

Lipoteichoic acid: links to plasma membrane / Wall teichoic acid: links to peptidoglycan

How many peptidoglycan layers in Gram (-) Cell walls?

Few layers of peptidoglycan

What is the function of the gram negative outer membrane?

Protection from antibiotics, phagocytes/ Contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

Where is Lipid A located?

Embedded in outer membrane

What is the function of the core polysaccharide in the gram negative cell wall?

Structural stability

What is the function of the O polysaccharide on the gram negative cell wall?

Antigenic

What bacteria have atypical cell walls?

Acid-Fast Bacteria/ Mycoplasmas

What is the distinguishing factor of Acid-Fast Bacteria?

Contain mycolic acid in cell wall

What is Mycolic acid?

Waxy lipid

Give examples of species that are Acid-fast bacteria.

Mycobacterium, Nocardia

What type of bacteria is Myobacterium tuberculosis and what disease does it cause?

Bacteria, gram (+) rod/ Tuberculosis: lung infection with tubercles, persistent cough with blood a sputum

How does Myobacterium tuberculosis enter the body?

Bacteria inhaled and penetrate to alveoli

What are the effects of Myobacterium tuberculosis on the body?

Macrophages phagocytize, but bacteria can replicate inside (mycolic acid)/ Formation of tubercles-lung damage

How is Tuberculosis treated?

Isoniazid, ethambotol, rifampin

What is the defining feature of Mycoplasmas?

Lack cell walls

What does Mycoplasma have in its membrane?

Contain cholesterol in membrane

Are there peptidoglycans in Mycoplasmas?

Peptidoglyce 2

What type of bacteria is Mycoplasma Pneumoniae and what disease does it cause?

Bacteria, no cell wall, flask share/ Atypical pneumonia "walking Pheumonia

How does Mycoplasma Pneumoniae invade the body?

Bacteria inhaled, bind to ciliated epithelial cells using P1 protein

What are the effects of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae toxins?

Bacteria Secretes H202 and toxins -> cillostasis sloughing of1)

How is Mycoplasma Pneumoniae treated?

Erythromycin or tetracycline

What is the plasma membrane structure?

Phospholipid bilayer, contains proteins, dynamic

What is the function of the Plasma Membrane?

Selective permeability/ enzymes for ATP production

What is simple diffusion?

Movement of a solute from high conc. -> low conc.

What is facilitated diffusion?

Transporter protein facilitates movement of a solute from high conc. -> low conc.

What is active transport?

Transporter protein and ATP required to move solutes from low conc. -> high conc.

What is Osmosis?

Movement of water across semipermeable membrane from high conc. of water to low conc. of water

What is a Hypotonic Solution?

Conc. outside cell < conc. inside cell

What is an Isotonic Solution?

Conc. outside = conc. inside cell