ap human geo unit 2

importance of studying geography

1. Earth has a really large population right now

2. Earth's population is concentrated in developing countries

3. recently population was increasing the fastest its ever had

overpopulation

number of people exceeds capacity of the environment to support life (at decent standard of living)

census

important data source for population like polls on population / housing from the government

census is controversial

1. nonparticipation: homeless people and immigrants don't have access or won't take it out of fear of being kicked out of US

2. sampling: limit the amount of information you take so it's reflective on the entire population (1 is more accurate in housing vs 2 that's more accurate for people that weren't included the first time)

population clusters

East Asia, South Asia, Europe, and Southeast Asia

ecumeno

area of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement

human's avoid lands:

1. too dry: can't farm and limited animals

2. wetlands: rain and heat make it hard to farm

3. cold lands: glaciers make it hard to farm and support animal life

4. mountains: high up it's snowy and hard to farm

aritmetic density

total number of objects in a certain area (explains "where" comparing conditions in different countries)
high density ex: Asia, Europe, Central America
low density ex: North America, South America, South Pacific

physiological density

number of people supported by a unit of arable land (gives more data: understanding capacity of land to yield enough food for people's needs and shows relation between size of population vs available resources)
high density ex: Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, South America
low density ex: North America, Europe, South Pacific

agricultural density

ratio of number of farmers to amount of arable land (helps understand economic differences)
high density ex: Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa
low density ex: North America, Europe, South Pacific

natural increase rate (NIR)

% at which population grows in a year (doesn't include migration)

doubling time

number of years needed to double the population (if it increased at constant rate)

life expecetancy

average number of years a person can be expected to live

crude birth rate (CBR)

total number of births in a year per 1000

crude death rate (CDR)

total number of deaths in a year per 1000

demography

scientific study for population characteristics

total fertility rate (TFR)

number of predicted births in soicety

demographic transition

process of change in society's population (stage _ to stage _)

industrial revolution

improving manufacturing (stage 1 to stage 2)

medical revolution

medical improvements (stage 1 to stage 2)

zero population growth (ZPG)

CBR is lower than CDR and NIR is 0 / negative

epidemiology

the branch of medical science dealing with the distribution and control of disease

epidemic transition

distinctive health traits in each stage of the demographic transition
stage 1: pestilence and famine
stage 2: receding pandemics
stage 3:degenerative diseases
stage 4: delayed degenerative diseases

pandemic

disease occurring globally effecting lots of people

malthus thesis

Earth's resources can't support a growing population

reducing CBR and NIR

education, health care, and contraceptives

push factor

reason to move away from current location

pull factor

reason to move to a new location

refugee

a migrate that has been forcibly migrated (to new country) to avoid a potential death

internally displaced person (IDP)

forced to migrate (like refugee) but doesn't cross international border

asylum seeker

migrated to another county in hope of being recognized as a refugee

international migration

across national borders (ex: US to Canada / Ireland to Japan)

interregional migration

move to different regions within same country (ex: California to Illinois / New York to Texas)

intraregional migration

movement to smaller regions within a larger region (ex: rural to urban / urban to suburbs / LaGrange to Chicago)

forced migration

use of power or authority causes involuntary movement not based on choice, when people must move for survival or are displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine or war, forced migrations include slavery and events that produce refugees, IDPs, and asylum seekers

voluntary migration

after a person considers options and choices, makes the decision to migrate (transnational, transhumance, interregional/intraregional, chain, step (stopping along the way to get to final destination), guest worker, and rural to urban migration)

cyclical movement

begins at a home base and returns to the same spot (ex: people in Northern North American places travel to the South for winter / people go to college, then home for the holidays, then back to college, then home for the summer…etc.)

periodic movement

person does not necessarily return to the same place
and sometimes takes place at irregular intervals (ex: military)

transhumance

when people move according seasonal availability of land and food (ex: ranchers / livestock from highlands to lowlands)

kinship links

when deciding where to go, migrants consider where friends and family have gone and been successful

guest workers

fill a need for labor and then return to their home country

asylum

protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their native country as a political refugee

chain migration

immigrants tend to travel to where people from similar decent have settled

intervening obstacles

an environmental / cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration (usually negative)

intervening opportunities

an opportunity that changes migration plans (usually positive)

ravenstein laws of migration

-most migrants travel short distances
-rural people are more likely to migrate than urban people
-long distance migrants tend to go to cities
-men tend to be more internationally migratory and women tend to migrate internally
-every migration flow generates a return or counter migration (for every flow there's a inflow)
-most migrants go "step" by "step" and not from one extreme to another
-young, single adults are more migratory than older adults of those with children
-most people migrate for economic reasons

flood plain

area subject to flooding during certain numbers of the years

desertification

the gradual transformation of habitable land into desert; is usually caused by climate change or by destructive use of the land

remittance

payment of money sent back home to a person's family while they are away making money

quotas

limit or number of immigrants allowed into a country

brain drain

large scale emigration of skilled workers

unauthorized immigrants

immigrants that enter a country without proper documentation

urbanization

process of people moving from rural to urban areas

suburbanization

process of people moving from urban to suburban areas