intro anisci exam 3

what is a companion animal?

an animal in which the owner has an emotional connection with the animal

what are the most common companion animals globally?

dogs and cats

What country ranks #1 for most dogs and cats

USA

How many dogs are there in the US?

83-88 million

How many cats are there in the US?

60-62 million

what percent of american households own dogs vs cats?

dogs: 45%
cats: 26%

describe domestication:

selection by humans for certain traits

what is neoteny?

retention of juvenile traits in adults

what is the biophilia hypothesis?

humans like nature - pets are nature on demand

what is attachment theory?

an emotional relationship between a caregiver and young, this is mimicked in pets

what is the social support theory?

humans are social - they want to be social with pets

what are the top three ways people source dogs?

breeders, friends, and shelters

what are the top three ways people source cats?

shelters, strays, and friends

what are the top 5 reasons for rehoming pets?

time, behavior, health, size, and housing

How many shelter animals are euthanized versus adopted yearly?

20-25% euthanized
50% adopted

how many feral cats are there?

30-40 million

what is the monthly versus yearly cost of owning a dog?

monthly: $125 - $824
yearly: $1500 - $9900

(feline companion terms)

Genus: Felis
Kitten: young baby
Queen: female
Tom: male
Littering: act of giving birth
Bevy: group of cats

(canine companion terms)

Genus: Canis
Puppy: young baby
Bitch: female
Dog: male
Whelping: act of giving birth
Pack: group of dogs

Describe sporting dogs:

hunting/gun dogs
active and alert
moderate - high activity
spaniels, retrievers, pointers, setters

describe hound dogs:

used to hunting mammalian prey
sound known as baying
moderate - high activity

describe toy dogs:

small, ideal for small homes and cities
less shedding and cost of care
less exercise required
low - moderate activity

describe terrier dogs:

hunt and kill vermin
feisty with wiry coats
smaller in size
high activity

describe working dogs:

assists humans
quick to learn, smart
large and strong
training and socialization important
moderate - high activity

describe herding dogs:

newest classification, natural herding instincts
intelligent, follows instructions
high activity

describe non-sporting dogs:

the catch-all dogs
variable in size, appearance, personality, and activity

what is the difference between kill and no-kill shelters?

kill shelters:
kill after a certain length of stay
kill when shelter reaches capacity

no-kill shelters:
kill only when animal cannot be adopted or terminally ill

what percent of pet store sales come from actual pets?

6%

describe commercial breeders:

USDA "regulates"
environment different than homes pet ends up in

describe puppy/kitten mills

unregulated commercial breeders

describe backyard breeders

accidental litter or just wanted pet to have litter

describe reputable breeders:

screen buyers
breed for health and behavior
breed club referrals
should show home, environment, litter, etc

what percent of households own pets?

67%

describe types of animal jobs:

emotional support
service
farm
therapy
police/military
search + rescue

What is the average litter size for dogs?

6

how long is canine gestation?

63 days

when does puberty occur in canines?

15 months

What is the average litter size for cats?

4

how long is feline gestation?

63 days

when does puberty occur in felines?

6-11 months

What does dog and cat saliva contain that disenfects their food?

Lysozyme

what are the water contents of different pet food labels?

canned: 75-82% water
semi-moist: 25% water
dry: 10% water

What is the 100% rule in pet food?

products made fully out of meat may only contain meat, water, and preservatives.

What is the 95% rule in pet food?

if product is labeled as beef, it must contain at least 95% beef by weight (not accounting for added water) or 70% beef including water weight

What is the 25% rule in pet food?

Labels with an ingredient followed by a descriptive label must have at least 25% of that ingredient by weight or 10% when including added water

What is the "with" rule in pet food?

A product with an ingredient must have at least 3% of that ingredient by weight

What is the "flavor" rule in pet food?

No minimum percentage exists. There must be detectable flavor in the product

What is complete and balanced nutrition?

has been confirmed by feeding studies to meet minimum requirements for nutrient content

what is food "for all life stages"?

meets most stringent nutrient requirements across the life expectancy of that species

what is maintenence ration food?

food adequate for adult, non-reproducing cat or dog

what is senior or puppy food?

used only for that age group, specific for their nutritional needs

what is food intended for intermittent feeding?

not a primary food, essentially a treat

What pet food labeling has no legal meaning or regulation?

"choice" "premium" "gourmet" "human-grade"

what must "all natural" and "100% natural" come from?

animal, plant, or mined sources

what percentage of substance needs to be organic for the "organic" label?

95%

what are "proven" products?

scientific evidence supporting claims made about the food

what are "new" or "improved" products?

limited to 6 months from time of development or modification

What are the downsides of raw feeding?

risk of e. coli
cannot guarantee balanced diet
can result in deficiencies

what is grain-free pet food?

contains no wheat, corn, barley, oats, rye, rice, or soy

what percent of dogs and cats are overweight in the US?

50%

What is heartworm caused by

Dirofilaria immitis

What is the #1 cause of death in cats

feline leukemia virus

how is feline leukemia virus primarily transmitted?

via saliva

How many gallons of water does one pound of beef use?

1847 gallons

How much of water used in beef processing is rainwater/green water

97%

How much of US water use is associated with livestock (excluding irrigation of crops)

1%

What type of power uses the most water?

thermoelectric

What percent of crops is used for animal feed in the US

57%

What percent of corn and soybeans grown in the US are used for animal feed?

38% of corn, 90% of soybeans

What percent of greenhouse gas emissions are attributed to agriculture in the US?

10%

What are the three main sources of livestock emissions?

feed production, fermentation, and manure management

what is enteric fermentation?

a way to reduce livestock emissions, it increases fermentation efficiency

How many dairy cows were there in 1950 versus today?

25 million, 9 million

bacterial breakdown of manure for fuel releases what greenhouse gas?

methane

Where does most manure used from fuel come from (top two)

mostly cattle, some pig

how much would dietary greenhouse gas emissions be reduced by of animal product consumption decreased by 50%

35%

What percent of food is wasted in the US?

40%

what percentage of fresh water, energy, and land does the US waste?

32% fresh water
4% energy
20% land

what are the limits of animal housed in CAFOs for each species?

Chickens: 125,000
Turkeys: 55,000
Laying hens: 82,000
Cattle or cow/calf pairs: 1,000
Dairy cattle: 700
Swine: 2,500

what are the major products of testicles?

spermatozoa, fluids, hormones, and proteins

What is Cryptorchid?

condition in which one or both testicles remain in the body cavity.

What does the Epididymis do?

sperm storage and maturation

what is the Vas deferens?

tube to transport mature sperm from epididymis and into the urethra, also known as spermatic cord

what are Accessory sex glands

add specific secretions to the semen including nutrients and liquid (add volume)

what are the parts of the accessory sex glands

seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands

what is seminal plasma?

the noncellular portion of semen

What are the two types of penises

fibroelastic and vascular

what are the three factors that influence sperm production?

heredity, nutrition, management

are avian testes internal or external?

internal

what is the papillae?

avian mating organs

in birds, where does the vas deferens open into?

cloaca

what is an oocyte?

the egg

what is meiosis

type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes by half

what does meiosis produce?

four gamete cells

what does the oviduct do?

transport eggs from ovary to uterus

what side develops in the female avian reproductive system?

left

what are the three components of the female avian oviduct?

infundibulum, magnum, isthmus

what is the Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) released by?

hypothalamus

what does the Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) target?

anterior pituitary

What hormones does the anterior pituitary release that targets the gonads?

Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)