EES 607 Land Use Planning Exam 1

Murray State University Spring 2024 EES 607 Land Use Planning Exam 1 Zachary Brown

Purpose of Planning

planning is needed to achieve the optimal use of resources (natural and cultural) for an ever-increasing population

Planning Occurs at Several Levels

Local: City/Town,

Regional: PADD, TVA,

National: USFS, NPS, Interstate/Highway

John Muir

1st national park, Yellowstone(preservation of land)

Fredrick Law Olmsted

public green space, Social Vision --> Parks Movement

Garden City

Ebenezer Howard, green spaces, compact development

Ian McHarg

Design with Nature (1969), overlays --> GIS

Patrick Geddes

Regional Planning,

Contributions:

surveys, civic exhibition, public participation, synoptic approach

Daniel Burnham

City Beautiful Movement, "Make no little plans..."

Rachel Carson

Silent Spring (1961) --> Environmental Protection Movement

What is Sprawl? Is it considered irresponsible use of land?

Sprawl is land development that is:

land-consumptive, dispersed, auto-dependent, energy inefficient, breeds physical inactivity and obesity, land conversion/consumption, unsustainable

Explain historical Factors involved with sprawl, including "Broadacre City" (Frank Lloyd Wright) and actions by Federal Government (highways, subsidized mortgages).

Broadacre City: decentralized urban environment, automobile-centric and low-density development;

Historical Factors: Highways, Subsidized Mortgages, Zoning Policies

Industrialization (changes that affect planning)

by 1920, more Americans live in cities than on farms;

mass production, concentration of labor in cities --> increasing urban population,

increase in air, water, noise pollution and waste disposal problems,

dirty, noisy, crowded cities --> suburbanization

Post WWII (changes that affect planning)

Systems Approach and use of computer models (could solve problems faster-- quantitative and statistical);

Sprawl & Automobiles & Suburbs --> exurban development; Lack of "community" leads to desire for Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND);

Energy Crisis (1970s) --> compact development & public transportation;

Environmental Planning for Sustainability--beginnings in planning for public health;

Population growth and Urbanization (~54% of world's population live in urban areas);

Citizen Participation--> Collaborative Environmental Planning

What does Sustainable Development mean? What are the "5 E's"?

SD: multifaceted paths of progress (economic, social, environmental, political) that aim to meet the needs of today without compromising ability of future generations to meet their needs;

The 5 E's:

Economy, Environment, Equity, Engagement, Eternity

Explain difference between "Hazard" and "Risk"

Hazard: Something that could cause harm;

Risk: the chance that a hazard will cause harm

Describe "The Planning Process" (basic steps)

1. Inventory

2. Needs Assessment

3. Formulating Strategies, Plans, Programs

4. Implementation and Monitoring

Discuss Smart Growth: what are the basic goals/principles?

Land development that is:

Livable and healthy, Compact and dense, mixed-use, walkable neighborhoods, transit-oriented with choices, preserve open/green spaces, foster community collaboration

Briefly describe the New Urbanism movement. What is the CNU?

NU encompasses all spatial scales (TND does not), mixed land uses, walkability, connectivity, traditional neighborhood design, sustainable, diversity and inclusion;

CNU is Congress for New Urbanism, group dedicated to NU movement, focuses on sustainable and inclusive design, livable and resilient communities

What is the importance of the "Vision Thing" in planning?

planning = preparing for future,
articulate possibilities,
scenario development

Discuss the importance of stakeholder involvement.
Why have them involved in the planning process?
What are some issues in collaborating with stakeholders?

Importance: representation, accountability, expertise, transparency, conflict resolution;

Issues: Diverse priorities, power dynamics, limited resources, resistance to change, trust,

Describe the 3 types of shared capital (social, intellectual, political)

Social Capital: a community's stock of social trust, networks, and civic experience, upon which people draw to solve problems collectively;

Political Capital: capacity for organization and influence necessary to achieve results in a political process (political power);

Intellectual Capital: collective knowledge of problems and potential solutions

What is "collaborative learning"?
What are the collaborative learning methods?

Collaborative Learning: stakeholders take part in networks and communities of place and practice to learn and develop new knowledge and build consensus for creative solutions;

Methods: Learning Networks (no one person has all the knowledge), Joint Fact Finding, Participatory Appraisal, Open Source Planning and Crowdsourcing

Name and Describe the 3 objectives of Collaborative Environmental Planning (as shown in table 4.2)

Resolve Conflict: Some collaborative efforts aim to engage stakeholders in a process of resolving conflicts among them through negotiation and mediation;

Develop a Shared Vision: Some collaborative efforts intend for the stakeholders to come up with a vision or direction that they can agree to and buy into;

Formulate Creative Solutions: All collaborative efforts hope to use dialogue and group processes to develop creative solutions than may not have emerged from traditional planning exercises.

Legal basis for planning in Kentucky

(Kentucky Revised Statutes) KRS Chapter 100

Required Elements for Comprehensive Plan for Murray. List and briefly describe.

Base Study Element: research that applies to the other 3 elements (population, demographics, economic development); Land Use Element: Inventory of land uses, maps (past, present, future land use planning);

Transportation Element: Info and maps on existing transportation infrastructure, improvements to support future land uses;

Community Facilities Element: 2 sections (Utilities and Other Community Facilities), organizations that support community and require land, future land use needs.

Murray Urban Service Area--
How is it defined?
What is its purpose?

4-mile Radius from intersection of 12th St. and Main St.;

Delineate all of the area within and adjacent to city limits served by city water and wastewater facilities,

Define area planning is responsible to include and help.

Murray Zoning Code-- What is its purpose?

establish regulations and restrictions on construction, use and zoning of infrastructure and land in the City of Murray to promote public health, safety, morals, and general welfare.

What is a "Dimensional Variance"?

deviations from regulations regarding building height, width, yard size, and open space if enforcing compliance would cause undue hardship due to property conditions beyond the applicant's control, as long as variance doesn't harm the public interest.

How is "Mixed Use Development" defined?

development with 2+ uses of different land use categories

What is GIS?

Geographic Information Systems. Computer based software used to capture, store, manage, analyze, and display geographic data.

What are Brownfields?

Vacant, potentially contaminated areas within urban centers that are difficult to develop bc of suspected financial and environmental risk

Explain what Nonpoint Source Pollution (NPS) means and why it is hard to manage/control.

NPS:
Pollution that comes from diffuse sources and is not easily traceable to a specific point of origin;
Hard to Manage:
Diffuse Nature,
Complexity of Pathways,
Seasonal Variability,
Cumulative Effects,
Lack of Regulatory Frameworks

Define and explain the role of "impervious surfaces" (also defined in the Zoning Code)

A surface that does not absorb water;
Roles:
Disrupt natural hydrological cycle (stormwater management),
absorb and retain heat (urban heat island effect),
impacts on water quality,
land use compatibility