NSCS02G All Lessons (4th Quarter)

Flashcards covering vocabulary from the physical science lecture notes.

Biological Macromolecules

Large, complex molecules essential for life, built from smaller organic molecules (monomers) and categorized into four main classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, each with unique structures and functions.

Monomers

The building blocks of more complex molecules.

Polymer

A large molecule made of repeating subunits (monomers).

Carbohydrates

Primarily made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; functions as a quick source of energy and structural support in organisms.

Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars)

Simplest form of carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed; examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose; provide immediate energy for cells.

Disaccharides

Composed of two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond; examples include sucrose, lactose, and maltose; serve as a source of energy.

Polysaccharides (Complex)

Long chains of monosaccharide units linked together by glycosidic bonds; examples include starch, glycogen, and cellulose; serve as energy storage or provide structural support.

Proteins

Made up of hundreds or thousands of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; primarily made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; used to build, maintain, and repair body tissues.

Lipids

Organic substances insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents, containing hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen atoms; provide insulation and are an efficient way to store energy for longer periods.

Fatty Acids

Long chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms, with a carboxyl group (-COOH) at one end; can be saturated or unsaturated.

Nucleic Acid

Genetic material found in the cell that carries all the hereditary information from parents; monomer is called nucleotide; two types are DNA and RNA; composed of C, H, O, N, and P; main function is the transfer of genetic information and synthesis of proteins.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

Molecule that stores genetic information in living organisms; consists of two long chains of nucleotides that form a double helix structure.

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

Plays a central role in the synthesis of proteins; usually single-stranded and uses the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose; uses uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) as one of its nitrogenous bases.

Chemical Reaction

A process in which one or more substances (reactants) are converted to one or more different substances (products).

Reactants

The beginning substance of a chemical reaction.

Products

The substance obtained at the end of a chemical reaction.

Reaction Rate

Refers to the speed by which the reactants are converted to products.

Collision Theory

For a reaction to take place, particles need to possess sufficient energy and must collide with the correct orientation.

Surface Area

The area of the chemical components utilized in a chemical reaction; increasing the surface area increases the reaction rate.

Temperature

A measure of the average amount of energy of motion a system contains; increasing the temperature increases the kinetic energy and the reaction rate.

Catalyst

Substances which alter the rate of reaction by changing the path of reaction; adding a catalyst increases the reaction rate.

Concentration

The quantity of a solute that is contained in a particular quantity of solvent or solution; the reaction rate usually increases as the concentration of the reactants increases.

Stoichiometry

Refers to the quantitative relationships between the substances that are used up and produced in a chemical reaction.

Mass

The quantity of matter present in a substance, which can be measured in grams (g).

Mole

The amount of substance containing the same number of discrete entities as the number of atoms in a sample of pure 12C weighing exactly 12 g.

Molar Mass

The sum of the total mass in grams of the atoms present to make up a molecule per mole; unit is grams/mole (g/mol).

How to Use GUFSA in Problem Solving

Identify given information, determine the unknown, write down the relevant formula, substitute values and solve, state the final answer with correct units.

How Different Energy Sources are Harnessed (Renewable)

Harnessing the sun's energy through solar panels, wind turbines to convert kinetic energy, energy of moving water from dams, Earth's internal heat via geothermal plants, and organic matter.

Renewable Energy Sources

Solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal, and biomass energy.

Nonrenewable Energy Sources

Oil, natural gas, coal, and nuclear energy.