Lecture 5: Joints (Arthrology) Practice Flashcards

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering the structural and functional classifications of joints, types of movements, and clinical aspects like arthroplasty, based on the Nursing Lecture 5 notes.

Arthrology

The scientific study of joints.

Joint (Articulation or Arthrosis)

A point of contact between two bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bone and teeth.

Fibrous Joints

Joints where bones are held together by dense collagen fibers and lack a synovial cavity.

Cartilaginous Joints

Joints where bones are held together by cartilage and lack a synovial cavity.

Synovial Joints

Joints characterized by the presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, and an articular capsule.

Synarthrosis

A functional classification for an immovable joint.

Amphiarthrosis

A functional classification for a slightly movable joint.

Diarthrosis

A functional classification for a freely movable joint.

Sutures

Fibrous joints composed of a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue occurring only between bones of the skull.

Syndesmoses

A fibrous joint that permits slight movement and contains more dense irregular connective tissue than a suture, such as the distal tibiofibular joint.

Gomphoses

An immovable fibrous joint (dentoalveolar joint) in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket, specifically the articulations of the teeth with the maxillae and mandible.

Interosseous membrane

A substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue that binds neighboring long bones, such as between the tibia and fibula.

Synchondroses

A cartilaginous joint in which the connecting material is hyaline cartilage, such as the epiphyseal (growth) plate.

Symphyses

A slightly movable cartilaginous joint where the ends of articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but a disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones.

Articular Capsule

A sleeve-like structure that encloses the synovial cavity, composed of an outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane.

Synovial Fluid

Fluid secreted by the synovial membrane that reduces friction by lubricating the joint, absorbing shocks, and supplying nutrients to articular cartilage.

Menisci (Articular discs)

Pads of fibrocartilage that lie between the articular surfaces of bones to allow different shapes to fit together more tightly and provide shock absorption.

Labrum

A fibrocartilaginous lip that extends from the edge of the joint socket, prominent in ball-and-socket joints to deepen the socket.

Bursae

Sac-like structures containing fluid similar to synovial fluid, located between tendons, ligaments, and bones to cushion movement.

Tendon sheaths

Tube-like bursae that wrap around certain tendons to reduce friction at joints.

Gliding

A simple movement in which relatively flat bone surfaces move back-and-forth and side-to-side with no significant alteration of the angle between bones.

Flexion

An angular movement that results in a decrease in the angle between articulating bones.

Extension

An angular movement that results in an increase in the angle between articulating bones, often returning a body part to the anatomical position.

Lateral flexion

Movement of the trunk sideways to the right or left at the waist.

Hyperextension

Continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position.

Abduction

Movement of a bone away from the midline.

Adduction

Movement of a bone toward the midline.

Circumduction

A sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction resulting in a circular movement of the distal end of a body part.

Rotation

A movement in which a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis.

Elevation

A superior (upward) movement of a part of the body, such as closing the mouth.

Depression

An inferior (downward) movement of a part of the body, such as opening the mouth.

Protraction

Anterior movement of a part of the body in the transverse plane.

Retraction

Posterior movement of a protracted part of the body back to the anatomical position.

Inversion

Medial movement of the sole of the foot.

Eversion

Lateral movement of the sole of the foot.

Dorsiflexion

Bending of the foot at the ankle in the direction of the superior surface (dorsum).

Plantar flexion

Bending of the foot at the ankle in the direction of the sole.

Supination

Movement of the forearm that turns the palm anteriorly or upward.

Pronation

Movement of the forearm that turns the palm posteriorly or downward.

Opposition

Movement of the thumb across the palm to touch the fingertips on the same hand.

Planar Joints

Synovial joints with flat or slightly curved surfaces that permit primarily back-and-forth and side-to-side movements.

Hinge Joints

Synovial joints where a convex surface fits into a concave surface, permitting only flexion and extension.

Pivot Joints

Synovial joints where a rounded or pointed surface fits into a ring formed partly by bone and partly by a ligament, permitting rotation.

Condyloid Joints

Synovial joints where an oval-shaped projection fits into an oval-shaped depression, permitting flexion-extension and abduction-adduction.

Saddle Joints

Synovial joints where the articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped and the other bone 'sits' in the saddle, such as the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.

Ball-and-Socket Joints

Synovial joints where a ball-like surface fits into a cuplike depression, permitting triaxial movement (flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and rotation).

Range of motion (ROM)

The range, measured in degrees of a circle, through which the bones of a joint can be moved.

Relaxin

A hormone that increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and loosens ligaments toward the end of pregnancy.

Arthroplasty

A surgical procedure in which joints are replaced with artificial components.