Practice questions for exam 5

Psychoactive drugs are those that affect

the activity of the nervous system.

The main disadvantage of the oral route of drug administration is

its unpredictability.

Drug injection is common in medical practice because the effects of injected drugs are relatively __________ in comparison to most other conventional routes of drug administration.

predictable

Many chemicals are kept from passing from the circulatory system of the central nervous system into neurons by

the blood-brain barrier.

The conversion of drugs in the body to nonactive chemicals, often by liver enzymes, is referred to as drug

metabolism.

Drug tolerance is a shift in the dose-response curve

to the right..

Tolerance that occurs because the target tissue becomes less reactive to the drug after exposure is called

functional tolerance.

After the termination of exposure to some drugs, there are withdrawal effects that are usually

opposite to the initial effects of the drug.

Drug-addicted individuals are drug users who

continue to use a drug despite the drug's adverse effects on their health and social life, and despite their efforts to stop using the drug.

Support for the theory that tolerance is triggered by drug-induced changes in neural activity, rather than from drug exposure per se, came from the finding that tolerance did not develop to the anticonvulsant effects of alcohol unless

convulsive stimulation was administered after each alcohol injection.

According to research conducted by Shepard Siegel and his colleagues, heroin users are more likely to die from an overdose when they

take heroin in an environment in which they have never taken it before.

Chronic use of which drug has been linked to bronchitis, emphysema, cancer, stroke, and heart attack?

tobacco

Although __________ is classified as a depressant, it has stimulant effects at low doses.

alcohol

Convulsions and delirium tremens are caused by withdrawal from

alcohol.

Although causal effects have not yet been proven, the well-established correlation between heavy marijuana use and ____________ is cause for concern

schizophrenia

The first-to-be-isolated endogenous chemical that binds to THC receptors was named

anandamide.

Drugs that tend to increase neural and behavioral activity are classified

stimulants.

Cocaine sprees are the product of the interaction between the high positive-incentive value of cocaine and the rapid development of

tolerance

Opioids likely exert their psychoactive effects by binding to

opioid receptors.

Endogenous opioid neurotransmitters are __________ and __________ .

endorphins; enkephalins

The offspring of male rats that have been administered opioids exhibit more severe opioid withdrawal symptoms; this is an example of a __________

transgenerational epigenetic effect

James Olds and Peter Milner argued that the brain circuits that support intracranial self-stimulation are the same ones that mediate

the pleasurable effects of natural rewarding stimuli such as food, water, and sex.

Many of the dopaminergic neurons with cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area synapse in the

nucleus accumbens.

The mesotelencephalic dopamine system comprises two pathways, known as the

nigrostriatal pathway and the mesocorticolimbic pathway.

The animal model that best approximates human drug addiction is the

drug self-administration paradigm.

Modern neuropsychological and cognitive neuroscientific research has emphasized the roles of two brain structures in emotion; these are the

medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala.

Evidence suggests that only one part of the amygdala plays a major role in fear conditioning; specifically, the

lateral nucleus.

Each amygdala is

a cluster of many nuclei.

The adrenal cortex was identified by Hans Selye as important in the stress response; current theories also acknowledge the important contribution of the

Sympathetic Nervous system

Bilateral lesions to which structure produces Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

anterior temporal lobe

Phineas Gage, a railroad worker whose tragic accident provided a famous case in neuropsychology, had damage to his medial

prefrontal lobes.

The theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experience is called the

facial feedback hypothesis.

Which neural structure has a particularly dense population of glucocorticoid receptors?

Hippocampus

Studies of the septal aggression phenomenon in rats suggest that it would be more appropriate to refer to it as

septal defensiveness.

Patients with bilateral amygdala damage tend to have particular difficulty

recognizing facial expressions of fear.

Which major finding of cognitive neuroscientific research on emotion is correct?

Similar patterns of brain activity occur when a person experiences an emotion or empathizes with someone experiencing the same emotion.

An important advance in the study of the physiology of stress came with the discovery in the 1990s that stress triggers the release of __________, which play a role in inflammation and fever.

cytokines

Sergio Pellis and his colleagues found that giving cats an antianxiety drug tended to increase the efficiency of their

mouse killing.

Which of the following is not a symptom of Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

aggression

According to the James-Lange theory, the

experience of emotion is produced by the brain's perception of the body's reactions to emotional stimuli.

The polygraph does not detect lies; rather, it detects

arousal.

The physiological response to harm or threat is generally referred to as

the stress response.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, different emotional stimuli induce __________ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity.

the same

The amygdala is thought to activate the appropriate sympathetic responses to threat via the __________ and the appropriate behavioral responses to threat via the ___________.

hypothalamus; periaqueductal gray

Lesions to which structure specifically block the conditioning of fear to a context?

hippocampus

The true smile, which involves the orbicularis oculi, has been termed the

Duchenne smile.

The location of the structures that Papez proposed, which controlled emotional expression, is the

limbic system.

Joe LeDoux and his colleagues found that bilateral lesions to the __________ blocked auditory fear conditioning but that bilateral lesions to the __________ did not.

medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex

Lesions to which brain structure in rats disrupt auditory fear conditioning to complex sounds but not simple sounds?

auditory cortex

The late Robert Blanchard and Dixie Blanchard derived rich descriptions of rat intraspecific aggression and defense by using.

the colony intruder model of aggression and defense.