Animal Phis Exam 2 Part 1

Skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle

The bulk of the muscle that provides voluntary movements of the limbs, trunk, and head

Cardiac Muscle

Fibers with visible striation but is under autonomic control

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary or unscripted; found in systems with autonomic function. Contraction doesn’t require stimulation by a nerve but they are under the influence of the autonomic nervous system

What is the function of muscle

Contraction

Endomysium

Connective tissue b/t individual muscle cells

Perimysium

Connective tissue sheath surrounding bundles of muscle fibers

Epimysium

Connective tissue around and entire muscle (deep fascia of the muscle)

Flexor grouping

A muscle that is on the side of a joint toward which it bends (decreasing the angle)

Extensor

Muscle on opposite side

Adductors

Muscles that pull a limb towards the median plane

Abductors

Muscles that pull a limb away from the median plane

Sphincters

Muscles that encircle and opening

Where is the pyloric sphincter

Between the stomach and small intestine

What muscles are engaged when a horse is shaking off a fly?

Cutaneous muscles

Where are the cutaneous muscles located?

In the superficial fascia between the skin and deep fascia covering skeletal muscles and also attach to the skin

What is a bursa?

A synovial sac between 2 structures that tend to rub against each other (where tendons contact a bony prominence)

What is the bicipital bursa?

Between the biceps brachial tendon and the proximal end of the humerus

What is the cranial nuchal bursa?

Between the ligaments nuchae and atlas

What is the supraspinous bursa?

Between ligaments nuchae and spinous process of T2

What is the superficial bursa

Between the skin and olecranon process of ulna and between the skin and superficial digital flexor tendon at the point of the hock

What are fistulous withers?

Considered bursitis that has created a draining tract at the supraspinous bursa

What is Poll Evil

Bursitis draining tract at the poll or Atlanta’s bursa

What are windpuffs?

Tenosynovitis at the digital tendon sheath in horses. They will swell above and below the fetlock

Thoroughpin

Tenosynovitis of the deep digital flexor tendon sheath

What is the Trapezius muscle?

Triangular flat muscle with origin along the dorsal midline from head to lumber vertebrae (muscle fibers converge to insert on the spine of the scapula)

What is the Rhomboideus muscle

Heavy muscle deep to the trapezius

What muscle on both sides of the body forms a large portion of the sling that supports the trunk?

Serrated ventral is muscle

What is Sweeney?

Condition resulting from damage to motor innervation in the suprascapular nerve (characterized as a muscular atrophy in the Brachiocephalicus and supraspinatus)

What is the function of the latissimus dorsi muscle?

Helps draw the trunk forward when the foot is planted on the ground******IMPORTANT FOR GAIT

What is the subclavius muscle?

Part of the shoulder that supports the trunk and stabilizes the shoulder joint that is absent in carnivores, but is in small ruminants and well developed in equine and swine

What are the 3 heads of the triceps brachial muscle or the strongest extensor of the elbow?

The long, medial, and lateral heads.

What muscle prevents pinching of the tissues between the humerus and the ulna? It does so by lifting the joint capsule away from the moving bones.

The anconeus

What is the main action of the biceps brachii?

Holds the shoulder joint in apposition and assists in extension of the joint. Mainly flexion of the elbow.

Difference in extensors of the carpus and flexors of the carpus?

Extensors are the most prominent muscle on the forearm and most cranial group. Flexors are on medial/caudal aspect of the radius and are palpable beneath the skin

What is the largest extensor of the carpus?

Extensor Carpi Radialis

Longest extensor of the thoracic limb

serratus ventralis m

Hamstrings

chief extensor of the hip

gluteobiceps muscle

in ruminants the bicep femoris is blended with superficial gluteal muscle also called…

muscle bellies and insertions blended together

What are iliopsoas muscle made of?

Rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and vastrus lateralis

What are the 4 heads of the quadriceps femoris muscle?

rectus femoris

What is the longest head of the quadricep femoris?

The patella

Where do the 4 quadricep femoris heads insert

Thoracic limb digital extensors

Originate from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus and go to the cranial and lateral parts of the antebrachium

More mass in closing the mandible

Is there more muscle mass for opening or closing the mandible?

Temporalis, masseter, pterygoid, digastricus

What are the muscles of mastication?

temporalis muscle

muscle that elevates the mandible, brings the upper and lower teeth together

masseter muscle

common in herbivores as this muscle elevates the mandible and draws it laterally for grinding. ALSO FORMS THE EQUINE CHEEK

Pterygoid

muscle that assists in the closure of the mandible and also does lateral grinding in herbivores

digastricus muscle

muscle that helps with forceful opening of the mandible

Epaxial muscle

muscle dorsal to the transverse process of vertebrae that form long columns parallel to the vertebrae

hypaxial muscle

muscle located ventral to the transverse processes of the vertebrae that flex the trunk, neck, and head (In cattle this is the tenderloin part of a t-bone)

Auricular

what muscle group allows for ear movement

Orbicularis oris

muscle that allows pursing of the lips

External abdominal oblique

Which muscle is the most superficial abdominal muscle

Transverse adbominis

What is the deepest of the abdominal muscles?

Diaphram

chief muscle of inspiration, will contract to increase size of the thorax

Proximal (P1)

What part articulates between the fetlock and the pastern?

Middle (P2)

What part articulates between the pastern and the coffin joint

Distal (P3)

What part articulates at the coffin joint?

Ungual cartilages

Cartilage that primarily aids in pumping blood away from the foot

Ungual cartilage

Damage to what cartilage causes sidebone?

Quittor

infection of the ungual cartilage with development of chronic draining tracts

The coronary band

Where hairy skin meets the hoof

Perioplic corium

the thin portion of the coronary band adjacent to the epidermis that produces a thin waxy substance on the epidermal laminae