BIO LAB MIDTERM

what do cells need to have

• cell membranes to separate their contents from the environment

• DNA, RNA, and ribosomes to reproduce and make proteins

• internal protein skeletons to give them shapes and the ability to move

difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

• prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound organelles

• eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles

  • nuclei

  • golgi

  • mitochandria

  • ER

two domains of prokaryotes

• bacteria

• archaea

three types of bacteria shapes

• spirals

• rods

• spheres

difference between gram positive and gram negative

• gram positive has a cell capsule made up of a thick layer of peptidoglycan and stain dark purple

• gram negative has a 2 part cell capsule, the inner is peptidoglycan and the outer is lipopolysaccharides and stain red or light pink

what is the stain for cheek cells

methlyne blue

what does TSA stand for and why do we use it

• trypticase soy agar

• it is non-selective, so anything can grow on it

optimal temp. for bacteria growth

20-40 degrees celcius

steps for gram staining

• smear the bacteria thin

• use a flame to make the bacteria stick to the slide

• crystal violet and leave for 20 seconds

• rinse the unbound crystal violet off

• iodine fixes the crystal violet in place

• decolorizer (ethyl alcohol) removes the dye from the outer cell capsule of gram negative bacteria

• rinse the alcohol so it doesn’t remove anymore dye

• safranin is a counterstain. won’t stain gram positive but will stain gram negative since the peptidoglycan layer is thick

what are mycologists

people who study fungi

characteristics of fungi

• heterotrophs

• absorb nutrients from their surroundings

• grow multicellular filaments called hyphae

• cell walls made of chitin

• produce spores

5 groups of fungi

• chytrids

• zygomycetes

• glomeromycetes

• ascomycetes

• basidiomycetes

characteristics of chytrids

produce spores that have flagellae (zoospores)

characteristics of zygomycetes

• molds and fungi that are parasites on animals

• molds produce zygosporangia when environmental conditions deteriorate

characteristics of glomeromycetes

• live in mutualistic relationships with plants

• form structures of arbuscular mycorrhizae (tree-like fungal hyphae)

characteristics of ascomycetes

• sac fungi

• spores are produced in asci

• asci develop in the ascocarp

• reproduce asexually

characteristics of basidiomycetes

• mushroom

• basidia produce 4 haploid spores

• basidia line the gills or pores of a mushroom

what is a lichen

a symbiotic relationship between a fungus, green algae or cyanobacteria, and a yeast

what do the 3 things in a lichen do

• fungus determines the external appearance/protects the lichen

• green algae or cyanobacteria provides food through photosynthesis

• yeast is used to deter predators and microbes

for local transport molecules are moved through the what in the plant

cytoplasm

for distant transport molecules are moved through the what in the plant

vascular tissues (xylem and phloem)

what are xylem and phloem

• xylem move water and minerals from the roots to the leaves

• phloem move hormones from the leaves to the flower

5 general classes of plant hormones

• auxin

• cytokinin

• gibberellins

• ethlyne

• abscisic acid

what do auxins do

• can make the plant expand or inhibit the growth

what do cytokinins do

• work with auxins

• control cell division

• ensure roots and shoots grow at equal rates

what do gibberellins do

control the elongation of the stem and roots and leaf development

what does ethylene do

affects ripening and rotting in plants

what does abscisic acid do

triggers plant to drop its leaves and induces seed dormany

2 herbicides used

• weed b gon

• atrazine

what group does yeast belong to

ascomycetes

what do yeast eat

sugar

ingredients and functions for breadmaking

• salt: flavor and inhibits the growth of yeast

• sugar: increases the growth of yeast

• dry milk powder: helps it rise, improves structure

• flour: greater proportion of gluten and a stronger dough.

• yeast: leavening agent and makes the bread expand.

• water: serves as a solvent and dispersing agent.

• oil: prevents the formation of long gluten strands.

• vinegar: improves texture, taste, freshness. prevents the formation of long gluten strands

4 supergroups of eukaryotes

• excavata

• SAR clade

• archiplastida

• unikonts

3 groups of excavata

• diplomonads

• parabasilids

• euglenozoans

characteristics of diplomonads and parabasilids

• reduced mitochandira

• lack plastids

• parasitic

characteristics of euglenozoans

• flagellae with a specialized internal spiral

• have plastids

3 groups of the SAR clade

• stramenopiles

• alveolates

• rhizarians

3 stramenopiles & features

• diatoms

  • cell walls made of SiO2

• brown algae

  • seaweeds or kelps

• golden algae

  • yellow and brown pigments in cells

• have 2 flagella, smooth and furry

3 alveolates & characteristics

• dinoflagellates

  • 2 flagella

  • responsible for red tides

• apicomplexans

  • almost all parasitic in animals

• ciliates

  • have cilia

  • 2 nuclei, macro and micro

3 rhizarians and characteristics

• use pseudopodia to move

• forams

  • calcium carbonate composition and tiny holes

• cercozoans

  • engulf bacteria and other protists as symbionts

• radiolarians

  • have SiO2 tests

4 archiplastida and characteristics

• red algae

  • lack flagella

  • depend on ocean currents to mate

• chlorophytes

  • volvox

• charophytes

  • closest relative to land plants

  • calcium carbonate in cell walls

• land plants

2 unikonta and characteristics

• amoebozoans

• opisthokonts

3 amoebozoans and characteristics

• slime molds

  • produce sporangia

• tubulinids

  • lobular pseudopodia

• entamoebas

  • parasitic

4 opisthokonts and characeristics

• flat mitochandira

• single flagellum

• nucleariids

• fungi

  • mushrooms, molds, sac fungi

• choanoflagellates

  • filter food from the water using flagellum

• animalia

what does a test of a protist refer to

shell

2 archaeplastida

• green algae

• land plants

most primitive land plants do not have what

xylem and phloem and they are nonvascular

bryophytes are what

nonvascular plants

3 nonvascular plants

• liverworts

• mosses

• hornworts

vascular plants have what

xylem and phloem

vascular seedless plants & characteristics

• club mosses

  • unbranched vascular tissue

• advanced ferns

  • vascular tissues in the leaves

  • live on other plants, shaded areas, open grasslands

2 groups of vascular seed plants

• gymnosperms

• angiosperms

4 gymnosperms & characteristics

• cycads

  • female produce seeds in cones

  • males produce pollen in cones

• ginkgoes

  • sperm with flagellae

• conifers

  • retain their leaves through the year

  • produce seed and pollen in cones

• gneotophytes

what are angiosperms

• flowering plants

• seeds are protected by fruit

• flowers have male and female gametophyte structures

2 angiosperm groups and characteristics

• monocot

  • one leaf on the seed

  • one cotyledon

  • veins parallel

  • scattered vascular tissue

  • root system

  • one opening pollen grain

  • floral organs in 3

• eudicot

  • two leaves on the seed

  • two cotyledons

  • netlike veins

  • vascular tissues in ring

  • taproot

  • three opening pollen grain

  • floral organs in 4 or 5

7 groups of land plants

• liverworts

• mosses

• hornworts

• club mosses

• ferns

• gymnosperms

• angiosperms

difference between a t-test and anova

• t-test used one factor and variable

• ANOVA uses multiple factors and variables

what is Tukey script used for

to get the a,b,c notations

how to calculate standard error

standard deviation/square root of count

what does interaction mean

both factors have an effect on the variable

why do we change from jpeg to tiff?

maintain high quality imaging