Intelligence/Research Methods

Carl Rogers

Humanisim and unconditional positive regard

Albert Bandura

Cognitive, What we belive/think

Psychoanlytic approach

we have conflicts and desires that are sub-conscious that affect are behavoirs

Cognitive Approach

CBT, decatastrophize your thinking

Humanistic

view that certain needs must be met before other things happen

Interviews advantages

detailed qualitative data and ethical guidelines

Interview Disadvantages

Time, logistics, not standardized, and research bias

Case Studies advantages

• potential cause/effect relationship

• good understanding of how to help the person

• creates psych profiles

Experiment advangates

• the only method that can provide a cause/effect relationship

Experiment disadvantages

• can easily violate ethical guidelines

• easy to make a flawed study

Test advantages

creates a great basis of comparison

Test disadvantages

• difficult to create a good one

• cultural bias

• dangerous conclusions

• research bias

Observation advantages

Observing Spontaneous Behavior, Insights into Motives and Emotions, general data, no hypothesis

directed observation

imposed variable on the environment

observation disadvantages

• potential bias could skew results

• data is localized

Survey advantages

most effcient way to gather data from a large number of people

survey disadvantages

• wording is very tricky

• no ability for follow ups

• sample can be hard to get accurate

Hawthorne effect

subjects act differently when they know they are being watched

Rosenthal effect

researchers want their study to be correct, may design the study in way that supports the likelihood that the data would support their hypothesis

Barnum effect

data is presented in a very broad way that is skews the results

Hindsight bias

when looking back the results seem like common sense or obvious

Basis of comparison

you must be comparing something in your research

replication

the best studies can be repeated

operational definitions

define all the variables, helps with replication

Independent variable

what is changed

dependant variable

what is measured

control group

ex). placebo is given to them to study to deal with the intervening variables

qualities of a good test

• standardization

• reliability

• validity

content validity

success to which a test samples the behavoir that is of interest

predictive validity

success to which a test predicts the behavoir it is designed to (aptitude test)

Savant syndrome

A condition in which people w/serious mental disabilites have spectacular isolated abilites or brillance in a certain area

The flynn Effect

The world is getting smarter

crystalized intel

knowledge and information acquired over time and stored in memory

Fluid Intelligence

Ability to see new patterns and use logic

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of info (word meaning)

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and effort

Implicit Memory

the information that we do not store purposely and is unintentionally memorized

Explicit Memory

conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts

Proactive Interference

occurs when old information or knowledge interferes with the learning of new information

ex). struggling to remember a new phone number after knowing the old one for a long time

Retroactive Interference

new information interferes with the recall of old information from long-term memory

Retention Curve

as rehearsal increases relearning time will decrease

Decay Theory

the disapearance of biological memory trace (engram)- example of forgetting

Procedural

Muscle Memory