Cytokines

MHC Class ___ are expressed on APC (dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells) and induced by IFNγ

II

MHC class II are induced by

IFNγ

Treg cells secrete ______ and ______ which are involved in anti-inflammatory and tissue repair

IL-10 & TGF-β

______ cell in germinal center secretes IL-21 which helps B cell Ig production and proliferation into a plasma cell

Tfh

Natural killer cells produced _______ cytokine which activate ____________

IFNγ; macrophages

___________________ cells produce IL-12 cytokines which affect naive T cells and NK cells

M1 macrophages

______ induces Th1 cell differentiation

IL-12

Il-12, IL-15, IL-18, and IFNα all activate which kind of cells?

Natural killer cells

TNFα, IL-1 and IL-6 are produced by ______________ and affect what?

M1 macrophage; liver cells, endothelial cells, hypothalamus, muscle, bone marrow

Which cytokine is primarily responsible for neutrophil and monocyte recruitment to the site of infection?

IL-8

Which cytokines are involved in NK cell activation?

Il-12, IL-15, IL-18, and IFNα

What is a systemic effect of IL-1 and TNF-α?

Induce fever and recruit neutrophils from the blood

Which cytokines are secreted by M2 macrophages to promote anti-inflammatory responses and tissue repair?

IL-10 and TGF-β

Which cytokine is responsible for the clonal expansion of T cells?

IL-2

IFN-γ is produced by which T cell subtype and what are its effects?

Th1 cells; activates macrophages and induces IgG switching in B cells

Which cytokines help Th2 cells activate eosinophils and M2 macrophages?

IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

What is the function of IL-21 produced by Tfh cells?

Promote B cell proliferation and plasma cell formation

Which cytokines assist Th17 cells in promoting epithelial barrier integrity and neutrophil recruitment?

IL-17 and IL-22

Which cytokines assist Th17 cells in intestinal mucus secretion and peristalsis?

IL-17 and IL-22

Which cytokine secreted by dendritic cells promotes the differentiation of naive T cells into Th1 cells?

IL-12

A dendritic cell secretes IL-6 and TGF-β. What T helper cell subtype will this most likely promote?

Th17

What is the main role of dendritic cells in cytokine signaling?

Present antigens and direct T cell differentiation

_______ is produced by epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, macrophages, and DC.

IFNα (or Type I)

_________ is produced by lymphocytes and NK cells (and Th1 cells)

IFNγ (or type II)

What is the outcome of IFNα triggered by viral infection of the lung cells and binding on receptors of uninfected cells present in the vicinity?

Inhibition of viral replication (antiviral state)

Which cytokines are characteristically secreted by Treg cells to exert anti-inflammatory effects?

IL-10 and TGF-β

What is the main role of Treg cell cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β?

Suppress immune responses and assist in tissue repair

Which cytokine produced by Th2 is primarily responsible for class switching of B cells to produce IgE?

IL-4

What is the role of IL-5 produced by Th2 in allergic-type immune responses?

Activates eosinophils

IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 produced by Th2 together promote which of the following?

B cell IgE production and eosinophil activation

Some dendritic cells produce IFNα which

creates antiviral state

The main function of chemokines is to stimulate ___________ movement from the _______ concentration to the __________

leukocyte; lowest to highest

Chemokines mediate movement of leukocytes from primary lymphoid organs to where?

lymph nodes and spleen

Chemokines mediate movement of leukocytes from blood to where?

tissues

Chemokines mediate movement of leukocytes from infection sites to where?

draining lymph nodes

Chemokines mediate movement of leukocytes from lymphoid organs to where?

infection sites

How do chemokines affect leukocytes?

They mediate movement of leukocytes from lower to higher concentation.

In case of a systemic infection (sepsis), ______ is produced by macrophages and released in the bloodstream

TNFα

Systemic release of too much TNFα can lead to

septic shock with multiple organ failure

TNFα is mostly produced by

activated macrophages

TNFβ is mostly produced by

activated T and B cells

Type I or IFNα/β are made when

PAMP's dsRNA binds to TLR3 --> TRIF --> IFNα/β --> antiviral state

Viral dsRNA binding to TLR3 triggers production of ________ that induces an antiviral state in uninfected cells in the vicinity

IFNα/β

IL-4 induces B cells to produce

IgE

IL-5 induces

eosinophil activation

IL-4 and IL-13 induce

monocytes to become M2 macrophages, peristalsis of gut

_____ mediates production of Ig by B cells

IL-21

What cytokine is mainly produced by Th17 cells to help fight fungal infections at barrier sites?

IL-17

Which T helper cell subset plays the most important role in defending against mucosal Candida infections?

Th17

Which cytokine secreted by Th1 cells activates macrophages to kill intracellular fungal pathogens?

IFN-y

What is a primary immune function of IL-22, produced by Th17 cells, in fungal defense?

Stimulates epithelial cells to produce antimicrobial peptides

What is the frontline defense at surfaces for fungi?

Th17

When dendritic cells detect a virus, they produce _________

IFN-α

In the immune response against viruses, dendritic cells detect a virus and produce IFN-α which triggers nearby cells into a ___________ state

antiviral

Th1 cells can help kill protozoa by activating ______________, which leads to cell mediated immunity

M1 macrophages

Th2 cells can inhibit the cell mediated immunity by activating

M2 macrophages

What type of T helper response is most effective against intracellular protozoa?

Th1

Which cytokine is important for activating eosinophils to kill helminths?

IL-5

How do helminths resist destruction by phagocytes like neutrophils and macrophages?

They have thick outer layers (teguments)

Which antibody is involved in the immune response to helminths?

IgE

What do Th2 cells do that can interfere with Th1-mediated immunity?

Activate M2 macrophages

IL-4 induces ______ which is involved in the adaptive immunity to helminth

IgE

Which of the following increases NK cell tumor-killing ability?

IL-15, IFN-γ, IL-12

What is the main function of M1 macrophages in tumors?

Kill tumor cells and release TNF-α & ROS

_____________ are clustered around some tumors and associated with tumor regression

M1 Macrophages

What can enhance tumor progression?

M2 macrophages

Which of the following immunosuppressive molecules might be secreted or expressed by tumors?

TGF-β, IL-10, PD-L