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Aspects of culture
Religions + Traditions
Government
Sports
Clothing/Fashion
What is Location? What are the two types?
Where in the world a place exists
Absolute: determined by lat. and long. Relative: what it's near (cities, oceans, rivers)
Interdependence
A relationship between countries in which they rely on one another for resources, goods, or services.
Diffusion
The spread of ideas, objects, inventions, and other practices from place to place. When people migrate or move to a new area, they bring their ideas, objects, etc. with them.
Imports
Goods produced abroad and sold domestically - brought into a country
Exports
Goods produced domestically and sold abroad
Latitude vs longitude
Latitude runs east and west, parallel
Longitude runs north and south, meridian
Monocentric - Examples?
Dominated by a single major political entity, in terms of territory and/or population - North America, Mid. America, Austral, East Asia, and South Asia
Polycentric - Examples?
The appearance, functioning, and organization of the realm are dispersed among a number of more or less equally influential regions or countries - Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Middle East
3 population centers of the world
South Asia, East Asia, Europe
Sovereignty
Right of a state to rule itself and those who live within its territory; to choose its own constitution, form of gov., and economic system
Hinterland
Surrounding zones of a city involved with its economy, culture, etc...
Racism
Judging someone based on the color of their skin - belief in superiority of ones race
Ethnocentrism
Judging other cultures by the standards of your own - belief in superiority of ones ethnic group
Prejudice
Thoughts/feelings towards an ethnic or racial group
Discrimination
Acts against an ethnic or racial group
Stereotype
A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
Bigotry
Intolerance toward those who hold different opinions from oneself.
Bias
A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific.
Dictatorship
One person or small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations
Communism
Political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
Democracy
Government by the people
Free and fair elections, civic participation and identity, checks and balances, human and civil rights
Facism
A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition
Imperialism
Act of spreading a country's influence outside of their border
plutocracy/oligarchy
A system of government based on wealth (plutocracy) or a small group of elites (oligarchy)
Theocracy
Rooted in religious beliefs
Ability to override the president & parliment
Anarachy
Anti-government, society without rulers
Capitalism
Economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
Socialism
Political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
Mixed Economy
An economy in which private enterprise exists in combination with a considerable amount of government regulation and promotion.
Pampas
"Plain" - grasslands region in Argentina and Uruguay, Southern South Africa
Andes
A large system of mountain ranges located along the Pacific coast of Central and South America - longest
Patagonia
Dry plateau region found in southern Argentina, southern most tip of SA
Amazon basin
The home of the world's largest tropical rainforests, runs along the the largest river in the world on the continent of South America.
Mestizo
Person of mixed european and amerindian decent
Mulatto
People of mixed european and african decent
Amerindian
Original peoples of North and South America; indigenous people.
Alien
Person born in different country or nation (foreign nation) then where they live now
Illegal Immigration
Any immigrant who does not go through the correct legal procedure to live and work in a country
Refugee
Seeking safety in another country
What is deportation and how might someone experience it?
Sending a person back into their country of origin and not paying taxes once they come to the US
Repatriation
A refugee or group of refugees returning to their home country, usually with the assistance of government or a non-governmental organization.
Extradition
A legal process whereby a state surrenders a person charged with a crime to the state in which the crime is alleged to have been committed.
Asylum
Form of protection from the place that you left
Lingua franca
A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages, Ex: English
Ejido
A piece of land farmed communally under a system supported by the state - usually given to peasants
Hacienda
A large estate or ranch; the main house of such a ranch - usually related to a plantation
Peon
Various laborers who are generally landless - serf or servant in debt to a wealthy land owner
Maquiladoras
Factories in Mexico that assemble imported materials into finished goods for export
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada - led to a major economic boom in the mid 1900's
Hugo Chavez
Popularly elected dictator of Venezuela (2002-2013) - relied on oil for all income and spent all of Venezuela's money
State of Venezuela after Chavez
Widespread economic crisis and hyperinflation
Poverty increase
High migration throughout the country
Undernourishment leading to death
Evo Morales
First Indigenous president of Bolivia. Represents left leaning force in South America - pledged to reduce poverty, renationalize energy, fight corruption, and increase taxes on the wealthy. Planned many controversial reforms that faced opposition from the wealthy.
Child Labor in Bolivia
Worst forms of child labor; sexual exploitation, human trafficking, and mining - dangerous tasks in agriculture, Devil's Miner Documentary
Altiplano
High elevation plateau, basin, or valley between higher mountain ranges
Dirty War
"Anti-Terrorist" campaign ran by a military junta that made more than 10,000 Argentinians disappear without a trace (1976-83)
Junta
Military or political group that rules a country after taking power by force
Operation Condor
US backed conspiracy to persecute alleged communists - CIA involved, repressed political, trade-union, and student activists around SA (1970's-80's)
Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo
Women in Argentina who protested against the government for information about what happened to their children/families that "disappeared" during the Dirty War - gov took babies from pregnant women resulted in compulsory DNA testing
Deforestation
Destroying forests and trees rapidly for urban use, giving them zero time to regrow - prominent in Brazil
Bolsa Familia
Brazilian funding plan that gives families small amounts of money to keep their kids in school and make sure they have vaccines against disease that mainly affect the poor community
Great Rift Valley
Cradle of biodiversity and human evolution - serious of trenches from moving plates located in East Africa
Atlas Mountains
Largest mountain chain in Africa, mostly unlivable
Sahara Desert
The largest sand desert in the world, covering most of northern Africa
Kalahari Desert
A desert in southwestern Africa, largely Botswana - surrounded by savanna
Congo Basin
Large flat area on the Congo River in Central Africa
Savanna
Grassy plain in tropical and subtropical regions, with few trees - full of life
Sahel
Africa's transition zone - stretches across the northern part of the country and separates the desert from the rainforest
Escarpment
Sudden elevation in the Earth
Cataract
Large waterfall from a river
Desertification
Process by which fertile land becomes desert - excessive crop planting, animal grazing, climate change, and tree cutting
Enclave vs. Exclave
En: small territory surrounded by another one with a different government and culture (Lesotho)
Ex: part of a country that is separated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory (Cabinda of Angola)
African Transition Zone
A boundary between the Islamic majority in the North and the Christian majority in the South - border marking the dry arid conditions of the desert and the moist conditions of the tropics
Islamic Front
Southern border of the African Transition Zone, marks the religious frontier of terrorist groups - retreat to after attacking places south of the Sahel
Berlin Conference
"Scramble for Africa" - meeting where the major European powers negotiated and claimed territory in Africa
Direct vs. Indirect Control
Direct: single powerful leader, one person (in this case Europeans) that serves as a strict ruler with harsh control. Indirect: local indigenous leader that is appointed by that power to run the country. They still have to follow that power.
Religious influence in Africa
Christianity and Islam, monotheistic and based on the belief in a single, all-powerful deity. These religions were introduced through the efforts of missionaries, religious leaders, and colonists. They have become widespread on the continent. - Tension between Islam and Christianity continues and is a key characteristic of the ATZ.
Problems of newly independent states in Africa
Faced several problems as they transitioned from colonial rule to independence - civil war, political chaos, economic devastation, and the challenge of establishing stable governments
Afrikaner
White native of Cape Province who is a descendant of Dutch settlers and who speaks Afrikaans.
Apartheid
Policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race: 1948-1990 South Africa all-white-minority-ruled government
African National Congress
Anti-apartheid movement, leading political party since 1994
Characteristics of apartheid
Began in 1948 with over 148 laws, separate schools, no interracial marriage, black people live in homelands or townships, whites in cities, black people had to carry ID's
Problems in South Africa today
Too few South Africans in work
The quality of school education for most black people is sub standard
Poorly located and inadequate infrastructure limits social inclusion and faster economic growth
The ailing public health system confronts a massive disease burden
The performance of the public service is uneven
South Africa remains a divided society
Rwandan Genocide
Hutu's vs Tutsi's: colonialism (Tutsi minority rule) and assassination of Hutu president - Hutu's rebelled and imposed their own apartheid-like system; killed 800,000 Tutsi's in 100 days
UN peacekeeping force unable to protect Tutsi's so they abandoned them.
Results of Rwandan Genocide
100,000 Hutus imprisoned
New government (Paul Kagame, commander of the RPF)
Economic devastation
Corruption
Ethnicity no longer mentioned in Rwanda
Africa's World War
Major war in Africa (mainly DRC) from 1998-2003 - 9+ countries involved making it a sectarian war - political and cultural division of resources
Sectarian War
Involving many different alliances between multiple militaries, rebel groups, and militias
Joseph Kony and the LRA
founder of LRA (Lords Resistance Army), believed God was speaking to him
thousands of child soldiers told they were immortal, goal: democracy by the 10 commandments
Janjaweed
Arabic militia responsible for most of the Darfur genocide - targetted ethnic African group
Darfur
Region in western Sudan where black Africans were told to move to under al-Bashir's rule - genocide
International Criminal Court
A court established by the United Nations for indicting and administering justice to people who commit war crimes
Formation of South Sudan
Sudanese Civil War - ethnic and religion disputes between the Arab north and Christian south, led to S-Sudan succession
Nigerian Oil Crisis
In the 1950's Nigeria struck around 37 billion barrels of oil, many oil rigs destroying the environment and local villages (not giving any profit to Nigerians) - US ally
Endemic
Native or confined to a particular region or people
Epidemic
Widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time
Pandemic
Worldwide epidemic of a disease - serious deaths
AIDS/HIV
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome - the body fails to protect itself from sickness
Human Immunodeficiency Virus - the virus that causes AIDS
Why does Africa suffer more from AIDS and HIV?
HIV/AIDS came from the tropical forest in Africa and quickly spread
The stigma surrounding how HIV/AIDS is transferred made treating it problematic
Medication is expensive
Failure in government leadership
Mesopotamia
A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies - "land between the rivers"
Fertile Cresent
An arc of rich farmland in Southwest Asia, between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea - worlds great source area of agriculture