MicroBio Exam 3

The first kind of leukocyte lured to the site of inflammation is the

neutrophil

What is the primary role of plasma cells in the adaptive immune response?

To produce and secrete large amounts of antibodies

During apoptosis, a cell will

self-destruct without causing an inflammatory response.

The "voices" of a cell, which carry messages to regulate/activate the immune system, stimulate inflammation, and generate fever are the

Cytokines

the cells primarily involved in all immune responses are the

Leukocytes

Which branch of the adaptive immune system is responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?

Humoral

Which of the following cells are NOT classified as antigen-presenting cells?

Interleukins

Which antibody class is the first and most abundant circulating class produced during a secondary immune response

IgG

which antibody class is the first produced during a primary immune response

IgM

Provide 2 examples of the mechanisms of how pathogens can acquire resistance to antimicrobials.

1. Enzymatic degradation or modification of the drug

2. Alteration of drug targets

• Example: A bacterium might mutate the genes

In your own words, describe what herd immunity is. How does it help protect individuals, especially those who cannot be vaccinated? Include a real-world example (such as a specific disease or vaccine) in your explanation. (2 points description of herd immunity, 1 point how it protects those not vaccinated, 1 point. for example) lit (2 points): I the adaptive immune response be affected if B memory cells could not be produced? B

What is herd immunity?

Herd immunity means that when most people in a group are immune to a disease (usually from vaccines), the disease can’t spread easily.

How does it help people who aren’t vaccinated?

If the disease can’t spread, it helps protect people who can’t get vaccinated—like babies or people who are really sick—because they’re less likely to be around someone who has the disease.

Real-life example:

Measles is super contagious, but if almost everyone gets the measles shot, it stops big outbreaks and keeps people safe.

What if B memory cells didn’t exist?

Without B memory cells, your body wouldn’t remember how to fight a disease you already had.
That means you’d get just as sick every time, and vaccines wouldn’t work as well.

adaptive immune response be affected if B memory cells could not be produced? B e timeline of a primary response compared to a secondary response and what antibodies in. A graph or drawing would also provide support for your answer.

If B memory cells could not be produced, the adaptive immune response would be significantly weakened, leading to slower and less effective secondary responses. The primary response would be similar, but subsequent exposures would not result in the rapid, strong antibody production seen with memory B cells. 

The four cardinal signs of inflammation are

Redness, heat, swelling, pain

T/F: The adaptive immune system has to be specifically introduced to a specific pathogen and recognize it as a threat before it will attack.

True

Which of the following correctly describes the difference between attenuated and inactivated vaccines

Attenuated vaccines use live but weakened pathogens, while inactivated vaccines use killed pathogens.

Which of the following is an example of artificial active Immunity?

Getting a tetanus vaccine

Describe one advantage of an attenuated vaccine over an inactivated one, and one advantage of an inactivated vaccine over an attenuated one.

Advantage of an attenuated vaccine over an inactivated vaccine:

It usually provides stronger and longer-lasting immunity with fewer doses.
Because the live but weakened pathogen can still replicate, it triggers a more natural and robust immune response, including both antibody and cellular immunity.

Advantage of an inactivated vaccine over an attenuated vaccine:

It is safer for people with weakened immune systems.
Since the pathogen is completely killed, it cannot replicate or cause disease, making it a safer choice for immunocompromised individuals and pregnant people.

Provide 2 examples of mechanisms of action of antiviral medications.

inhibiting viral entry into cells and interfering with viral nucleic acid synthesis

Which of the following would contribute the most to the development of antimicrobial resistance?

Incomplete antibiotic courses

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of how antibiotics become resistant to antimicrobials?

Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

Which of the following best defines a plasmid?

small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan which can carry several resistance genes

Which of the following organisms is reported to have an increase in energing resistatice?

All of the above are having challenges with antibiotic resistance

how you can identify the difference between T-helper (Th) cells and T-cytotoxic (Tc) cells:

the presence of cluster of differabtion proteins: t helper cells hace cd4 and t cytoxic hace cd8

The part on the surface of the antigen that is recognized by B cells and T cells is called the

Epitope

One organism that we discussed in class has a rising concern with development of antimicrobial resistance through 2 different mechanisms (mutation and acquisition of a plasmid that encoded production of penicillinase). Guidelines previously recommended a single antibiotic (penicillin) to treat it, however these guidelines have been updated to recommend the use of two antimicrobials together (ceftriaxone + azithromycin) in order to be effective. What is that organism?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

T/F: There are an increasing number of cases in the US where Staphylococcus aureus has become resistant

True

mycobacterium tuberculosis is a challenge to treat because of emerging resistance to antimicrobials. combination therapy (using Ripe) is used because if one cell devolps rsistance to one antibitoic, the other antibitoc will kill it. using combinatioon therapy is a srragy that prevents

Spontaneous mutations

which cell type prevented on mhc-1 molecules

Cyotoxic T cells

activated b and t cells undergo multiple rounds of cells division to profiolerate. After division, which cells are formed to engage in the actice response against the antigen

Effector cells

The Graph ones

two most effectife antibiotics would be amikacin and gentamicin because of the high suspetcibility percatnges in the antbiogram for kiebsiella sp. an ineffective would be tetracycline because of its low suscpectbilty