Clep history two

United States vs. EC Knight Company

decision under Sherman Anti-Trust Act shot down by Supreme Court - sugar refining was manufacturing rather than trade/commerce

National Labor Union

founded by William Sylvis (1866); supported 8-hour workday, convict labor, federal department of labor, banking reform, immigration restrictions to increase wages, women; excluded blacks

Knights of Labor

(GC) , one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century. Founded by seven Philadelphia tailors in 1869 and led by Uriah S. Stephens, its ideology may be described as producerist, demanding an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories. Leaderships under Powderly, successful with Southwest Railroad System, failed after Haymarket Riot

Terrence V. Powderly

Leader of Knights of Labor 1874 who Persuaded the pope to remove sanctions against Catholics who joined unions.

Eugene V. Debs

led railroad workers in Pullman Strike, arrested; Supreme Court (decision in re Debs) legalized use of injunction (court order) against unions and strikes

Henry George, Progress and Poverty

single tax on speculated land to ameliorate industrialization misery

Edward Bellamy, Looking Backwards

state-run economy to provide conflict-free society

Louis Sullivan

led architectural movement to create building designs that reflected buildings' functions, especially in Chicago

Interstate Commerce Act

created Interstate Commerce Commission to require railroads to publish rates (less discrimination, short/long haul), first legislation to regulate corporations, ineffective ICC

Social Gospel movement

stressed role of church and religion to improve city life, led by preachers Walter Raushenbusch and Washington Gladen; influenced settlement house movement and Salvation Army

Jane Addams

helped lead settlement house movement, co-founded NAACP, condemned war and poverty

Hull House

Jane Addams's pioneer settlement house (center for women's activism and social reform) in Chicago

Salvation Army

established by "General" William Booth, uniformed volunteers provided food, shelter, and employment to families, attracted poor with lively preaching and marching bands in order to instill middle-class virtues

New immigrants vs. old immigrants

old immigrants from northern and western Europe came seeking better life; new immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe searching for opportunity to escape worse living conditions back home and often did not stay in the US

Cult of domesticity

Victorian standards confined women to the home to create an artistic environment as a statement of cultural aspirations

Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie, The Financier

attacked industrial elite, called for business regulation, publisher refused works breaking with Victorian ideals

Regionalist and naturalist writers

writing took a more realistic approach on the world, regionalist writers focused on local life (Sarah Orne Jewett), naturalist writers focused on economy and psychology (Stephen Crane)

Bland-Allison Act (1878)

government compromised to buy and coin $2-4 million/month; government stuck to minimum and inflation did not occur (lower prices); economy grew

James G. Blaine

Republican candidate for president in 1884, quintessence of spoils system; highly disgusted the mugwumps (many Republicans turned to Democrat Cleveland)

Pendleton Civil Service Act

effectively ended spoils system and established civil service exams for all government positions, under Pres. Garfield

Farmers' Alliance movement

Southern and Midwestern farmers expressing discontent, supported free silver and subtreasury plan (cash advance on future crop — farmers had little cash flow during the year), criticized national banks

Greenback Party

supported expanded money supply, health/safety regulations, benefits for workers and farmers, granger (farmer)-supported

Populist Party

emerged from Farmers' Alliance movement (when subtreasury plan was defeated in Congress), denounced Eastern Establishment that suppressed the working classes; Ignatius Donnelly (utopian author), Mary E Lease, Jerry Simpson. aka the Peoples party

Civil Rights Cases

Civil Rights Act of 1875 declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court, as the fourteenth amendment protected people from governmental infringement of rights and had no effect on acts of private citizens

Munn v. Illinois

private property subject to government regulation when property is devoted to public interest; against railroads

Coxey's Army

Coxey and unemployed followers marched on Washington for support in unemployment relief by inflationary public works program

Panic of 1893

8,000 businesses collapsed (including railroads); due to stock market crash, overbuilding of railroads, heavy farmer loans, economic disruption by labor efforts, agricultural depression; decrease of gold reserves led to Cleveland's repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act

William Jennings Bryan

repeat candidate for president, proponent of silver-backing (16:1 platform), cross of gold speech against gold standard; Democratic candidate (1896)

Industrial Workers of the World

supported Socialists, militant unionists and socialists, advocated strikes and sabotaging politics, aimed for an umbrella union similar to Knights of Labor, ideas too radical for socialist cause. aka Wobblies

"Big Bill" Haywood

leader of the Western Federation of Miners (WFM), a founding member and leader of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and a member of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of America.

Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class

satirized wealthy captains of industry, workers and engineers as better leaders of society

Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life

activist government to serve all citizens (cf. Alexander Hamilton); founded New Republic magazine

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.

law meant to evolve as society evolves, opposed conservative majority

Thomas Nast

political muckraking cartoonist, refused bribes to stop criticism

Robert La Follette

progressive governor (1900-1904) and senator (1906-1925); he established the "Wisconsin idea" that reformed the state through direct primaries, tax reform, and anticorruption legislation. La Follette was the Progressive Party's presidential nominee in 1924.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

led by Francis Willard, powerful "interest group" following the civil war, urged women's suffrage, led to Prohibition

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

women must gain economic rights in order to impact society (cf. rising divorce rates)

Northern Securities Case

Northern Securities Company (JP Morgan and James G. Hill - railroads) seen by Roosevelt as "bad" trust, Supreme Court upheld his first trust-bust

Theodore Roosevelt

first "modern" president, moderate who supported progressivism (at times conservative), bypassed congressional opposition (cf. Jackson), significant role in world affairs. Big stick policy, square deal

Square Deal

Progressive concept by Roosevelt that would help capital, labor, and the public. It called for control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. It denounced special treatment for the large capitalists and is the essential element to his trust-busting attitude. This deal embodied the belief that all corporations must serve the general public good.

William H. Taft

"trustbuster" (busted twice as many as Roosevelt), conservation and irrigation efforts, Postal Savings Bank System, Payne-Aldrich Tariff (reduction of tariff, caused Republican split)

Bull Moose Party

party formed from Republican split by Roosevelt, more progressive values, leaving "Republican Old Guard" to control Republican party

New Nationalism

federal government to increase power over economy and society by means of progressive reforms, developed by Roosevelt (after presidency)

New Freedom

ideas of Wilson: small enterprise, states' rights, more active government, trust busting, left social issues up to the states

Woodrow Wilson

Democratic candidate 1912, stood for antitrust, monetary change, and tariff reduction; far less active than Roosevelt, Clayton Anti-trust Act (to enforce Sherman), Child Labor Act

Pan-Americanism

James G. Blaine sought to open up Latin American markets to the U.S.; rejected by Latin America due to fear of U.S. dominance and satisfaction with European market

Jingoism

belligerent nationalism against other threatening nations

Secretary of State John Hay

ex-Lincoln secretary; worked to gain Open Door Notes' acceptance from the major powers

Spanish American War (1898)

McKinley reluctant; armed intervention to free Cuba from Spain; Roosevelt's "Rough Riders" made attack on Spanish at Cuba

Platt Amendment

U.S. would ensure that Cuba would be protected from European powers and maintain a place in Cuban affairs; provided coal and naval stations

Naval battle in Manila Bay, Philippines

Admiral Dewey defeated Spanish initially; American troops (aided by Aguinaldo's insurgents) captured Manila, leading to annexation

TR mediates Russo-Japanese War

secretly sponsored peace negotiations so as to prevent Japanese or Russian monopoly on Asia; concerned with safety of Philippines

Gentlemen's Agreement (1908)

in response to Japanese discrimination in San Fran schools; Japanese to stop laborers into U.S., Californians forbidden to ban Japanese from public schools

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Moral Diplomacy

intervention in Mexican Revolution (Madero overthrew dictator Diaz) to overthrow Madero out of fear of property confiscation, General Huerta (seen as "brute" by Wilson, sought new leader) replaced Madero

Invasion of Mexico, Pancho Villa

Huerta's enemy, reluctantly supported by U.S.; U.S. sought Villa's submission due to terrorism, eventually assassinated; Wilson's policy highly unpopular

Creel Committee

Committee on Public Information; aimed to sell America and the world on Wilson's war goals; propaganda, censorship, "four-minute men" speeches, "Liberty Leagues" (spy on community)

War Industries Board

attempted to centralize production of war materials; ineffective due to American desire for laissez-faire government

Herbert Hoover's Food Administration

relied on voluntary compliance (no formal laws), propaganda; high prices set on commodities to encourage production, Prohibition

Wilson's 14 points

public treaties, free trade, free seas, reduced armament burdens, anti-imperialism, independence to minorities, international organization

League of Nations

foreshadowed in 14 points, hoped to guarantee political independence and integrity of all countries

Lodge Reservations

14 formal amendments to the treaty for the League of Nations; preserved Monroe Doctrine, Congress desired to keep declaration of war to itself

Espionage Act and Sedition Act

fines and imprisonment for aiding the enemy or hindering U.S. military; forbade any form of criticism of the government and military

Schenk v. U.S

upheld constitutionality of Espionage Act; Congress right to limit free speech during times of war

Palmer Raids

Congressional support to raid houses of radicals believed to have connections to communism

"Red Summer", race riots

Riots (most often Whites attacking Blacks, but some instances of the reverse) occurring in 1919. Black soldiers saw the greater social equality in Europe during WWI and came back seeking better treatment.

Birth of a Nation

spawned resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan based on The Clansman

National Origins Act

Reduced the annual country quota from 3 to 2 percent and based it on census of 1890, excluded Japanese immigrants.

Scopes Trial

Darwinian (influenced by jazz age and new scientific ideas) against Fundamentalist (the Bible and Creationism); John Scopes convicted for teaching Darwinism (defended by Clarence Darrow); Scopes found guilty

Bruce Barton: The Man Nobody Knows

glorification of business, Jesus as a businessman, relationship between religion and manufacturing

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Alice Paul; shocked traditionalism, League of Women Voters supported; new organization of women who were now more independent

Margaret Sanger and Birth Control

illegal, but widely accepted; with new promiscuity

Lost Generation

Leading writers of the postwar decade's disillusionment with "hypocritical" religion and the "fradulent" sacrifices of wartime, disillusioned with ideals of another time and the materialism of business-oriented culture, included F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, and Eugene O'Neill

Marcus Garvey, United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

"Back to Africa" movement for racial pride and separatism; inspired self-confidence in blacks

Washington Disarmament Conference

An international conference on the limitation of naval fleet construction begins in Washington. Under the leadership of the American Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes the representatives of the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan pledge not to exceed the designated sizes of their respective naval fleets

Dawes Plan (1924)

to make German reparations from WWI more accessible to Germans; evacuation of troops from Germany, reorganization of the Reichsbank, and foreign loans

Conservative policies of Harding and Coolidge

lowering of income taxes for wealthy (trickle-down economics), refusal to create higher prices to help farmers (McNary-Haugen Bill)

Fordney-McCumber Tariff & Smoot- Hawley Tariff

1922 and 1930, raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods; benefited domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade

Herbert Hoover, secretary of commerce

known as "wartime food czar;" created recreation policies and reintroduced leisure culture and conservation ethic to get Americans escaping the cities and improve tourism, etc.

Andrew Mellon, secretary of the treasury

introduced the "trickle-down" economics theory in order to promote business and increase money available for speculation

Hoover's policy of voluntarism

emphasized importance of private charities to help the depression

Bonus army

veterans from WWI sought their pensions before they were too old to use them; they were denied and were run out of Washington (violently, by MacArthur)

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

attempted to boost economy by making loans to banks and insurance companies, hoping to restart them

Hundred days

term applied to the first weeks of the Roosevelt Administration, during which Congress passed 13 emergency relief and reform measures that were the backbone of the early New Deal; these included the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Glass Stegal Act (FDIC), Agricultural Adjustment Act, Federal Emergency Relief Act, and the National Industrial Recovery Act.

Emergency Banking Relief Act

four-day banking holiday to create controlled inflation, followed by reopening of sound banks, and reorganization of unsound banks

First New Deal Programs

1933-1935 improved, but not recovered, economy; included NRA, AAA, TVA, CCC, FERA, PWA, FDIC

National Industrial Recovery & National Recovery Administration

prevent competition labor management disputes and overproduction. set max workweek, min. wages, and min. prices.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

subsidies to farmers to decrease production and thus increase prices

Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)

provided more funds to state and local relief efforts

Second New Deal Programs

1935-38, reform-minded, more political

Wagner Act/National Labor Relations Act

collective bargaining rights, closed shops permitted (where workers must join unions), outlawed anti-union tactics

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 Act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor. Banned childlabor

Keynesian economics

philosophy that deficit spending during a depression would increase purchasing power and stimulate economy; FDR disagreed with the policy at first and borrowed money to cover deficits

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

halted sale of tribal lands, enabled tribes to regain unallocated lands; repealed Dawes Severalty Act of 1887; helped secure Indians' entry into New Deal associations; led by John Collier

Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor

first female cabinet member

Butler v. U.S.

killed the AAA, although FDR insisted on continuing by creating smaller state-level AAAs

Schechter v. U.S.

court case, unconstitutionalized the NRA due to delegation of legislative authority from Congress to executive

"Okies" and "Arkies"

Americans who were forced out of their homes in Oklahoma and Arkansas (respectively) due to the dust storms and drought known as the Dust Bowl

Critics of FDR

Father Charles Coughlin (benefited only wealthy people and corporations), Huey Long ("share our wealth"), Francis Townshend (Old Age Revolving Pension)

Split of AFL in 1935

loss of members due to new following of CIO and discrimination