DDS PSMB

Hippocrates

Greek physician who is credited with the introduction of scientific pharmacy and medicine

• Father of Medicine

• proposed Theory of humoral pathology

Pedanius Dioscorides

Greek who was the first to deal with botany as an applied science of pharmacy

• created De Materia Medica

• Father of Pharmacology

Cladius Galen

first to associate galenicals, and originator of of cold cream

Philipus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim

Swiss the introduced chemical science from traditional botanical science

• replaces 4 body fluids ( Sulfur, Mercury, Salt)

Karl Wilhelm Scheele

Swedish that discovered acids; Lactic, Tartaric, Oxalic, Arsenic

• discovered oxygen 1 year before Priestley

Friedrich Serturner

German that isolated morphine from opium

Pierre Robiquet

he independently isolated codeine from opium

Joseph Caventou, Joseph Pelletier

they isolated quinine/Cinchonine in cinchona

• discovered Strychinine/Brucine

Pierre Robiquet, Joseph Pelletier

both isolated caffeine

Decemeber 15 1820

date that the first USP is published English and Latin

272 pg and 217 drugs listed

1864

year invented British Pharmacopeia

Lilitz Pharmacopeia

first American Pharmacopeia, 1778, 

32 page with 84 internal, 16 external drug preparations

Dr Lyman Spalding

father of USP

Pharmacopeia

these present the Official standard of Purity, Strength, Quality and Analysis

Raufwolfia serpentina

source of Reserpine, used for hypotensive tranquilizer

Vincristine, Vinblastin

vinca alkaloids used for treating cancer (Acute Leukemia)

Pacific Yew tree

source of Paclitaxel

Draculin

this is found in Vampire bat salive used to treat MI and strokes

In Vitro test

bioassay that takes place outside the organismm applied to artifcial environment

In Vivo Test

bioassay by the use of biological experiment/technique carried out within the organism

Pre clinical testing

this the Laboratory and Animal studies, that assess safety and biological activity of the molecule

Phase 1

this is where the molecule is being determined its safety and dosage; bioavailability

with the use of 20-80 heatlhy volunteers

Phase 2

molecule being evaluated for its effectiveness, and its side effects

with the use of 100-300 patient volunteers

Phase 3

verification of effectiveness, monitor ADR

with the use of 1000-3000 patient volunteers

Phase 4

this is the Post Marketing studies and manufacturing that takes place

Scale up- increase batch size”

open label studies

study to which the patient is aware of the agents identities, to be admin to them

Double blinded studies

neither patient/clinician is aware of the agent being admin

abbreviated new drug application

this is submitted for the purpose of generic copies by competing companies

supplemental new drug application

this is submitted for the purpose of changes in synthesis, formulation, and analytical standards

lead compound

prototype chemical with desired activity

prodrug

drugs that require metabolic transformations, to produce effect

new drug

combination of two or more old drugs, changes in a previous formulation or proposed new use

dosage form

finished formulation designed to contain

stability

this is the measure of capability of particular formation in specific container/closure system to remain its specifications

Expiration date

limits of time during the drug is dispensed or used

shelf life

refers to duration of time which is how the drug will retain its specifications

Actual

a study to which conducted under normal conditions and may use different climatic zones

• long duration

temperate

zone 1

subtropical

zone 2

hot and dry

zone 3

hot and humid

zone 4

Accelerated

Studies designated to increase the rate of chemical or physical degradation of a drug substance or product by using exaggerated storage conditions.

epinephrine

do not use if its brown/precipitate

isoproterenol

do not use if its pink to brown/precipitate

paraldehyde

this is subjected to oxidation to form acetic acid

Active ingredient

Any component that is intended to furnish pharmacologic activity or other effect

excipient

component other than the active ingredient in a drug product that is used as a carrier for the active ingredients

• can also aid process

adsorbent

hold the molecules into the surface

aerosol propellant

buffering agent

colorant

clarifying agent

emulsifier

humectant

levigating agent

surfactant

essential components

those that impart satisfactory characteristics

-diluent, binders, disintegrants

glidants, lubricants, antiadherants

compression aids examples

sweet

flavor compounds with -OH

bitter

flavor compounds with N

blending, overshadowing

2 methods for flavorants

Saccharin

300× sweetness, and is Approved by FDA 1958

-E954

Cyclamate

30× sweetness and is banned by FDA 1969

• causes cancer to rats

Aspartame

160-200 x sweetness and is approved to FDA 1981

• but is discouraged to px with Phenylketonuria

Sucralose

600× sweetness and is approved to FDA 1998

• E955

Acesulfame K

130 x sweet as sucralose and more stable than aspartame

• similar structure to saccharin

Stevia rebaudiana bertoni

source of Stevia

30x as sweet as sucrose

Lakes

Pigments added to liquid dyes. Commonly, they are in the form of fine dispersions or suspensions.

Tartrazine

FDC Yellow 5

• cause allergy to humans

marachino cherries

FDC red 4

used in cosmetics

amaranth

FDC red 2

a dye that causes cancer in rats

Cochineal, Anattenes

examples of natural dyes

William Henry Perkin

he discovered Mauve the first synthetic dye

• contains chromophore

Benzoic, Sodium benzoate

preservatives with a conc of 0.1-0.2 %

Phenol, Cresol, Chlorobutanol

preservatives with a conc of 0.1-0.5%

0.002 to 0.01%

Concentration of Phenylmercuric nitrate and acetate as a preservative

can also include Benzalkonium chloride