Studied by 0 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Runs parallel with a line from wing tip to wing tip and intersects the x-axis at the CG.
lateral axis
On ________, the power to move the control surfaces is provided by the muscles in the pilot's arms and legs.
small light aircraft
On __________, it is physically impossible to move the control surfaces by muscle alone.
larger aircraft
Computes, amplifies, and processes the signal from the detecting and command elements and directs the output element to respond to the pilot's and or system requirements.
computer amplifier
Automatic pilot system flies the aircraft by using electrical signals developed in ___________.
gyro-sensing units
Refers to a system of automatic controls which holds the aircraft on any selected magnetic heading and returns the aircraft to that heading when it is displaced from it.
Automatic Pilot
When was the first aircraft autopilot was developed?
1912
he developed the first aircraft autopilot
Lawrence Sperry
indicators included in the first developed aircraft autopilot
gyroscopic heading indicator and attitude indicator
gives inertial rotation data of an aircraft
LASER gyro
where is laser gyro usually located
CG of the aircraft
Movement within each plane is _______, rather centered on axis.
about an axis
Three principal axes
longitudinal, lateral, vertical
Runs nose to tail through the CG.
longitudinal axis
Runs perpendicular to the other two axes intersecting them at the CG.
vertical axis
The control column is physically connected to the control surfaces by ________.
cables
Wide-bodied aircraft will incorporate some form of _________ to move control surfaces.
power assistance
Consists of units, which move the control surfaces of the aircraft in response to the computer demands.
output elements
Fifth element of many advanced autopilot systems.
feedback or follow-up
Basis for autopilot system operation.
error correction
When an aircraft fails to meet the conditions selected, an _____ is said to have occurred.
error
A _____________ manipulates the aircraft's controls so that any deviation from the desired attitude of the aircraft is corrected.
position-based autopilot
Uses information about the rate of movement of the aircraft, and move control surfaces to counter the rate of change that causes the error.
rate-based autopilot
Basis is "Gyro, accelerometers, and others and other sensor equipment can detect the uncommand attitude changes far more accurately and then provide an electrical output to an actuator or servo."
Fly-By-Wire Principle
When the pilot moves the control column or rudder pedals, an electrical signal from the stick or ________ is transmitted to an electrically operated actuator and the control surface is deflected by pilot's input.
pedals transducer
In this electrically operated system, it is _________, not _________, which control the actuator or servo operation.
electrical signals, mechanical inputs
The _________ of the aircraft provide the flight control computer with inputs of heading, attitude, waypoints, etc.
avionics system
Repositions the actuator with electrical signals to maintain the aircraft on the programmed flight path.
flight control computer
Electrical signals developed in the gyros when the flight attitude or magnetic heading is changed are sent to the autopilot computer/amplifier and are used to control the operation of _________.
servo units
A servo for each of the three control channels converts electrical signals into ________, which moves the control surface in response to corrective signals or pilot commands.
mechanical force
Provide for one, two, or three stabilized planes.
Autopilot systems
To stabilize the aircraft and reduce the pilot's workload
Primary purpose of an autopilot system
Longitudinal axis (X-axis)
Axis running nose to tail through the center of gravity (CG)
Computer amplifier
Component considered the 'brain' of the autopilot system
Created the first autopilot, reducing the pilot's workload
Significance of Lawrence Sperry's 1912 invention
It senses movement of the aircraft and provides data to the computer
Role of the detecting element in an autopilot system
Altitude hold
Autopilot mode maintaining a set altitude during flight
Improved damage tolerance and weight reduction
Major advantage of fly-by-wire systems
Unstable flight paths due to autopilot failure
Problem NOT faced by the Wright Brothers during early flights
It memorizes and returns the aircraft to the original attitude
Action in a position-based autopilot system when aircraft deviates from desired attitude
Automation-induced failures
Disadvantage of autopilot systems
Ailerons
Control surfaces moved by autopilot systems to maintain stability
Command element
Component responsible for moving the control surfaces of the aircraft in an autopilot system
When laser gyro fails
Situation where a backup attitude gyro is most necessary
They detect aircraft speed
Role of accelerometers in an autopilot system
It controlled all aspects of the aircraft's systems automatically
Reason autopilot system initially reduced the fatigue of pilots on long flights
Heading hold
Autopilot system holding the heading of the aircraft on a set course
The autopilot corrects the error to return to the desired flight attitude
Action if there is an error in the autopilot system during flight
It allowed for night and bad-weather flying
Key advancement introduced by Lawrence Sperry's autopilot system
Rate-based autopilot
Type of autopilot most commonly used in large aircraft today
Complacency and reduced alertness
Common result of over-reliance on autopilot systems by pilots
is a system that can significantly reduce workload during phases of flight it also refers to a collection of systems that automate a plane's operations
autopilot
how is frequency difference from laser gyro interpreted
through Analog-to-Digital converter
Where is the backup attitude gyro for laser gyro located?
cockpit instrument panel
advantages of autopilot
1. Reduce manual workload
2. Relief from small errors
disadvantage of autopilot
1. Failures due to false alarms
control inclusions of autopilot
navigation, altitude, speed, engine thrust
flight destination data from autopilot
flight route, destination, navigation
Where is the flight destination information from autopilot is displayed?
Multipurpose Control and Display Unit (MCDU)
This describes a complete flight from departure to arrival.
flight plan
most planes that seat more than ___ people have autopilot systems
20
Despite having autopilot when is the FAA requires pilot to be hands-on?
takeoff and landing
The autopilot technology and newer airport infrastructure allow for more automated landings, which are especially helpful in low visibility or bad weather events. TRUE or FALSE
TRUE
contains the elements from which the flight plan is constructed
Navigation Database (NDB)
NDB required information for building a flight plan.
Airways, Airports, Standard terminal arrival (STAR)
interval for updating the navigation database
28 days
What are the major elements of Automatic Flight Control System?
Detecting Element, Command Element, Computer Amplifier, Output Element
What consists detecting element?
gyro, rate gyros, accelerometer , pitot-static system and air temperature probes
What consists command element?
pilot's control panel, pilot's stick, rudder pedals, navigation
It is considered to be internal controls or inner loop of the system.
Detecting Elements
It is considered to be external controls or outer loop of the system.
Command Elements
This is the brain of the system, processes signal from detecting and command elements
Computer Amplifier
This element consists of units, which move the control surfaces of the aircraft based on the computer demand.
Output elements
how autopilot mode maintains set of operating parameters
through Flight Control Unit
autopilot operating parameters
Attitude Hold, Heading Hold, Vertical Speed Hold, Altitude Hold
basic AFCS loop consists of
detection, amplification, correction, follow up and the aircraft response loop
The function of this signal is to cancel the input signal by applying an opposite signal proportional to the command required to bring the aircraft to the desired attitude.
follow up signal
This signal nulls initial input error signal.
servoactuator feedback
FMS meaning
Flight Management System
RNAV meaning
Area Navigation
MCDU meaning
Multipurpose Control and Display Unit
NDB meaning
Navigation Database
AFCS meaning
Auto Flight Control System
FCU meaning
Flight Control Unit
X-axis
Longitudinal
Y-axis
Lateral
Z-axis
Vertical
stability about the longitudinal axis
lateral stability
stability about the lateral axis
longitudinal stability
stability about the vertical axis
directional stability
The control column on small light aircraft is physically connected to the control surfaces by these.
cables
Power assistance is provided by these on larger aircraft.
actuators or servo
actuators and servo can operate through these inputs
mechanical inputs or electrical inputs
This is the basis for autopilot system operation.
error correction
two basic ways modern autopilot systems do error correction
position based and rate based
manipulates the aircraft's controls so that any deviation from the desired attitude of the aircraft is corrected
position based autopilot
use information about the rate of movement of the aircraft, and move control surfaces to counter the rate of change that causes the error
rate based autopilot
what autopilot system is commonly used by large aircrafts
rate based autopilot
uncommand changes is detected by gyro, accelerometers, etc. which will send electrical signals to an actuator or servo
fly-by-wire
In this electrically operated system, it is electrically signals not mechanical inputs, which control the actuator or servo operation.
fly-by-wire
Note 
Flashcard (31)