Spinal anatomy (part 2) - Irene Gold Booklet :)

What are the 3 divisions of the autonomic nervous system

sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric

What nerves carry parasympathetic fibers?

Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10 and sacral nerves S2-4

Pupillary constriction occurs through what kind of stimulation

Parasympathetic

Describe the nervous pathway for lacrimation to occur

CN7 -> superior salivatory nucleus -> pterygopalatine ganglion -> lacrimal gland

A parasympathetic signal from CN7 that passes thru the submandibular ganglion will cause

Salivation

What neurotransmitter is released by ALL preganglionic neurons

Acetylcholine

What type of receptors does acetylcholine act on

Cholinergic (nicotinic and muscarinic)

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons will release what neurotransmitter to sweat glands

Acetylcholine

Most postganglionic sympathetic neurons will release what neurotransmitter

Norepinephrine

What type of receptors does norepinephrine act on

Adrenergic (alpha and beta)

The most common neurotransmitter released by the adrenal medulla is

Epinephrine

Alpha receptors are most sensitive to what neurotransmitter

Norepinephrine

Beta receptors are most sensitive to what neurotransmitter

Epinephrine

Where do the vertebral arteries enter the spine vs skull

C6 transverse foramen; foramen magnum

Damage to the posterior inferior vertebral artery will cause

Wallenburg syndrome

What is effected in wallenburg syndrome

Ipsilateral loss of pain and temp to face and contralateral loss of pain and temp to the body

What artery supplies the anterior 2/3rds of the spinal cord

Anterior spinal artery (branch of vertebral)

T/F the posterior spinal artery is a branch off the vertebral artery

False (PICA)

Where do the left and right cerebral arteries bifurcate

C3/4

What is the main branch of the internal carotid artery

ophthalmic artery

Damage to the middle meningeal artery will cause

Epidural hemorrhage

A subdural hemorrhage occurs from

Damage to the venous system

Bleeding in the space around the brain is called

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Subarachnoid hemorrhages are caused by what kind of aneurysm

Berry (sacular)

Where is the straight sinus

tentorium cerebelli

What two structures drain into the straight sinus

Great cerebral vein and inferior sagittal sinus

Where is the superior sagittal sinus?

falx cerebri

Where is the confluence of sinuses located?

internal occipital protuberance

What veins drain the scalp

emissary veins

The olfactory nerve passes through _______ to become the olfactory bulb

Cribriform plate (ethmoid)

What 3 structures make the olfactory cortex

Piriform cortex, amygdala, entorhinal cortex

What is the function of the piriform cortex

Processing and perception of smell

What structure is responsible for your emotional response to smell

Amygdala

What does the superior nasal meatus empty into

Posterior ethmoid sinus

What does the inferior nasal meatus empty into

Nasolacrimal duct

What does the middle nasal meatus drain into

Frontal, anterior ethmoid and maxillary sinus

What inner ear structure is responsible for linear acceleration

Utricle (horizontal) and saccule (vertical)

What inner ear structure is responsible for static equilibrium

Macula

What inner ear structure is responsible for angular acceleration

Semicircular canal (via crista ampularis)

Where is the organ of Corti

In the cochlea

Differentiate the Scala media, Scala vestibuli, Scala tympani

Media= cochlear canal, contains endolymph

Vestibuli = vestibular canal, contains perilymph

Tympani = tympanic canal, contains perilymph

What structure seperates the cochlear canal and the vestibular canal

Reissners membrane

Where is the tectorial membrane located?

above the organ of corti

What structure seperates the cochlear canal and the tympanic canal

Basilar membrane

What structure of the eye regulates how much light is let in

Iris

What eye structure does the majority of light refraction

Cornea (lens does fine tuning)

What structure of the eye converts light into a neural signal

Retina

What fills the posterior cavity from lens to retina

Vitreous humor

What fills the anterior cavity from cornea to the lens

Aqueous humor

What is the most common cause of blindness in the elderly

macular degeneration (drusen spots)

IF there is an excess in aqueous humor intraocular pressure will increase and cause damage to the optic nerve. What is this condition?

Glaucoma

What is the clinical name for night blindness

Nyctalopia

nyctalopia (night blindness) is related to what vitamin deficiency

Vitamin A

What is keratomalacia

Drying/clouding of cornea related to a vitamin A deficiency

What photoreceptor is sensitive to high levels of light

Cones

What photoreceptor is best used for night vision

Rods

There is a high concentration of cones in the ______

Fovea centralis

What is the motor innervation to the suboccipital muscles

C1 - suboccipital nerve

Sensory to the posterior scalp comes from

C2- greater occipital nerve

Sensory to the lateral scalp comes from

C2/3 - lesser occipital nerve

What is the first nerve that can be compressed by a disc

C3 - least occipital nerve

What innervates the diaphragm?

Phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5)

Motor innervation to the rhomboids and levator scapulae come from

C5 - dorsal scapular nerve

The suprascapular nerve, subscapular nerves, sublcavian nerve and axillary nerve all come from what nerve roots

C5-6

What nerve supplies teres minor and deltoid muscles

Axillary nerve (C5/6)

The long thoracic nerve is from _______ nerve root and supplies motor to the __________muscle

C5-7; serratus anterior

What supplies motor innervation to the latissimus dorsi

C6-8 Thoracodorsal nerve

What does motor innervation to the posterior compartment of forearm and the triceps

Radial nerve

What nerve innervates both the pec major and minor

medial pectoral nerve

What nerve supplies sensory to the medial forearm

Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve

What nerve supplies sensory information to the umbilicus

T12 subcostal nerve

Describe what the ilioinguinal nerve becomes in males vs females

Anterior scrotal nerves; anterior labial nerves

Iliohypogastric nerve and ilioinguinal nerves comes from what spinal nerve root

L1

What nerve is responsible for meralgia paresthetica

Lateral femoral cutaneous (L2-3)

What nerve gives motor supply to the iliacus, quads, sartorius and pectineus

Femoral nerve (L2-4)

What nerve roots make up the sciatic nerve

L4, L5, S1, S2, S3

The tibial nerve and common perioneal nerve are branches of what

Sciatic nerve

What nerves come from the lateral cord of brachial plexus

Musculocutanoeus and lateral head of median nerve

What nerves come from the posterior cord of brachial plexus

axillary and radial nerves

What nerves come from the medial cord of brachial plexus

Ulnar and medial head of median nerve

What nerve roots make up the lateral cord of brachial plexus

C5-7

What nerve roots make up the posterior cord of brachial plexus

C5-T1

What nerve roots make up the medial cord of brachial plexus

C8-T1