PSITACCINE VIRAL DISEASES

HERPESVIRUS 🧬

Causes eosinophilic and basophilic inclusions in psittacines 🦜

🔍 3 varieties (out of 13) affect psittacines:

1. 🪦 Pacheco’s Disease (Inclusion body hepatitis) – most likely encountered

2. 🫁 Amazon Tracheitis – most likely encountered

3. 🪶 Budgerigar Herpesvirus

📌 Commonly encountered: Pacheco’s Disease and Amazon Tracheitis

HERPESVIRUS 🧬

Causes _____ inclusions in psittacines 🦜

🔍 3 varieties (out of 13) affect psittacines:

1. 🪦 _____ – most likely encountered

2. 🫁 _____ – most likely encountered

3. 🪶_____

📌 Commonly encountered: _____

1.1 Pacheco’s Disease ⚠ Ø  ⚰ Acute death of apparently healthy birds Ø  🏪 Common in pet stores and private collections Ø  🦜 Conures: classic carrier bird (any psittacine can be a carrier) 🔬 Diagnosis – Pacheco’s Disease Ø  Based on acute death syndrome Ø  May see splenomegaly or hepatomegaly Ø  🧪 Histopathology: hepatic necrosis and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies 💊 Treatment – Pacheco’s Disease Ø  Acyclovir: reduces morbidity and mortality (administered IV, IM, or oral via drinking water) Ø  💉 Vaccine available

1.1 Pacheco’s Disease ⚠ Ø  ⚰____of apparently healthy birds Ø  🏪 Common in____ and ___ Ø  🦜___: classic carrier bird (any psittacine can be a carrier) 🔬 Diagnosis – Pacheco’s Disease Ø  Based on____ Ø  upon necropsy may see ____ Ø  🧪 Histopathology: ___ necrosis and eosinophilic ____ inclusion bodies 💊 Treatment – Pacheco’s Disease Ø  Acyclovir: reduces _____ (administered _____via drinking water) Ø  💉 _____available

Herpesvirus

This disease causes eosinophilic and basophilic intranuclear inclusions in psittacines

Pacheco’s Disease

This is the most commonly encountered form of Herpesvirus in psittacines, also known as Inclusion Body Hepatitis

Pacheco’s Disease

This disease causes acute death in apparently healthy psittacine birds, often without any prior signs of illness.

Pacheco’s Disease

Commonly encountered in pet stores and private bird collections, this disease can spread rapidly among birds.

Pacheco’s Disease

Conures are considered the classic carrier of this disease, although any psittacine can be a carrier.

Pacheco’s Disease

Diagnosis of this disease is typically based on acute death syndrome and may show splenomegaly or hepatomegaly on necropsy.

Pacheco’s Disease

Histopathology for this disease reveals hepatic necrosis and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies.

Herpesvirus - Pacheco’s disease

the only viral disease that affects Psittacine with vaccine

Acyclovir - Pachecos disease

reduces morbidity and mortality (administered IV, IM, or oral via drinking water)

2.2 Amazon Tracheitis 🫁 • 📍 Most affected: Amazona species 🩺 Clinical Signs:  Amazon Tracheitis 🫁 😮‍💨 Dyspnea and rales 🫁 Pseudomembranous tracheitis 👁 Occasionally: conjunctivitis and sinusitis 🔬 Diagnosis: Viral culture from pharyngeal swabs 💊 Treatment: Symptomatic (if has fever treat w/ antipyretic); Acyclovir

1.2 Amazon Tracheitis 🫁 • 📍 Most affected: Amazona species 🩺 Clinical Signs:  Amazon Tracheitis 🫁 😮‍💨 ____ and ___ 🫁 _____ 👁 Occasionally:___ and ___ 🔬 Diagnosis: Viral culture from ___ 💊 Treatment: ____(if has fever treat w/ antipyretic);___

Amazon Tracheitis 🫁

This disease most commonly affects Amazona species among psittacine birds.

Amazon Tracheitis 🫁

Characterized by dyspnea, rales, and pseudomembranous tracheitis, this disease causes significant respiratory signs.

Amazon Tracheitis 🫁

Sometimes, conjunctivitis and sinusitis may be seen in birds suffering from this condition.

Amazon Tracheitis 🫁

Diagnosis of this disease can be confirmed through viral culture from pharyngeal swabs.

Amazon Tracheitis 🫁

Symptomatic treatment, including antipyretics for fever and acyclovir, is used for managing this condition.

1.3 Cutaneous Herpesvirus 🦶 Ø  Lesions resemble papillomas (typically on feet and legs) Ø  🎨 Affects macaws and cockatoos Ø  💊 Treatment: Acyclovir cream + dermabrasion (when u try to remove the old layer of the skin)

1.3 Cutaneous Herpesvirus 🦶 Ø  Lesions resemble ____ (typically on feet and legs) Ø  🎨 Affects ____ and _____ Ø  💊 Treatment:_____ (when u try to remove the old layer of the skin)

Cutaneous Herpesvirus 🦶

This disease causes lesions that resemble papillomas, typically appearing on the feet and legs.

Cutaneous Herpesvirus 🦶

this herpes virus commonly affects macaws and cockatoos, leading to skin abnormalities.

Cutaneous Herpesvirus 🦶

This condition is treated using acyclovir cream combined with dermabrasion.

4 Budgie Herpes – “Feather Dusters” 🪶 • Rare herpesvirus causing: 🥚 Decreased hatchability 🐣Egg-transmitted infections • Found primarily in feathers    and not usually treated, this can also be demonstrated in chicken embryos

1.4 Budgie Herpes – “_____” 🪶

• Rare herpesvirus causing:

• 🥚 ___

• 🐣 ____

• Found primarily in___ and not usually _____ this can also be demonstrated in ___

Budgie Herpes – “Feather Dusters” 🪶

This rare herpesvirus causes birds to appear like “feather dusters.”

Budgie Herpes – “Feather Dusters” 🪶

herpesvirus leads to decreased hatchability

Budgie Herpes – “Feather Dusters” 🪶

This herpes virus condition is known for being egg-transmitted,

Budgie Herpes – “Feather Dusters” 🪶

It is found primarily in feathers and is not usually treated.
This disease can also be demonstrated in chicken embryos during study

2  PSITTACINE BEAK AND FEATHER DISEASE (PBFD) 🪶🦜 Ø  Caused by Circovirus 🦠 Ø  Affects: Parrots, cockatoos, lovebirds 💚💛🧡 Ø  🧓 Older birds is less susceptible, but not immune Ø  Affects young birds

2  PSITTACINE BEAK AND FEATHER DISEASE (PBFD) 🪶🦜 Ø  Caused by ___ 🦠 Ø  Affects: _____ 💚💛🧡 Ø  🧓 __ is less susceptible, but not immune Ø  Affects ____

🧒 Acute form (juveniles 14–16 weeks): 1.       😴 Lethargy 2.       🐥 Fluffed appearance 3.       🍽 Anorexia 4.       ❌ Feather lesions may be absent

🧒 Acute form of PBFD (juveniles _____): 1.       😴 ____ 2.       🐥 ___ 3.       🍽 ___ 4.       ❌___

🦜 Chronic form OF PBFD 1.       🪶 Dystrophic feather replacement (pink become grey) 2.       🪥 Beak/oral cavity lesions 3.       🧊 Palatine necrosis 4.       💥 Easily fractured beaks

🦜 Chronic form: of PBFD 1.       🪶_____ (pink become grey) 2.       🪥_____ 3.       🧊 ____ 4.       💥____

2.3    Diagnosis – PBFD 🔬 1.       Histopathology: multifocal necrosis and hyperkeratosis (samples from feather, beak, claw) 2.       Basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies 3.       ⚠ May mimic reovirus w/ pancytopenia

2.3    Diagnosis – PBFD 🔬 1.       Histopathology: multifocal necrosis and_____ (samples from ____) 2.     _______inclusion bodies 3.       ⚠ May mimic ____ w/ pancytopenia

2.4 Treatment – PBFD 💊 ❌ No definitive treatment 🤕 Supportive care 🦠 Manage secondary infections

2.4 Treatment – PBFD 💊 ❌______ 🤕____ 🦠 Manage____

ACUTE form of PBFD - Circodnavirus

Affects juveniles around 14–16 weeks old and may present with lethargy, fluffed appearance, and anorexia without visible feather lesions.

PBFD - Circodnavirus

The acute form of this disease in young birds can show general signs of illness without feather abnormalities.

PBFD - Circodnavirus

The chronic form causes dystrophic feather replacement, where pink feathers turn grey.

CHRONIC PBFD - Circodnavirus

This disease may cause beak and oral cavity lesions, including palatine necrosis and easily fractured beaks.

PBFD - Circodnavirus

Diagnosed by histopathology showing multifocal necrosis and hyperkeratosis from samples of feather, beak, or claw.

PBFD - Circodnavirus

Presence of basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies is a key histological finding in this VIRAL disease of Psittacines

PBFD - Circodnavirus

This disease may be confused with reovirus infections due to similar findings like pancytopenia.

3. REOVIRUS 🦠💩 3.1 Overview – REOVIRUS 🧾 Ø  📍 Most susceptible: African Grey Parrots (Psittacus erithacus, P. e. erithacus, P. e. timneh) 🦜 Ø  🔄 Primary transmission: fecal-oral route 🚽➡🍽

3. REOVIRUS 🦠💩 3.1 Overview – REOVIRUS 🧾 Ø  📍 Most susceptible: ___ (___________) 🦜 Ø  🔄 Primary transmission: _____ 🚽➡🍽

Clinical signs:  REOVIRUS 🦠💩 • ☠ Fatal hepatitis is common • 😴 Lethargy and ⚖ Weight loss • 🍽 Anorexia and😮‍💨 Pneumonia • 👁 Uveitis and 💩 Diarrhea • 😯 Occasionally: facial edema • 🧪 Experimentally: hypoproteinemia observed

Clinical signs:  REOVIRUS 🦠💩 • ☠ ____ is common • 😴 ____and ⚖ ____ • 🍽 ____ and😮‍💨 ____ • 👁 ___ and 💩 ____ • 😯 Occasionally: ____ • 🧪 Experimentally: _____ observed

3.2 Diagnosis – REOVIRUS 🔬 • Fecal or tissue culture for virus detection 🧫 3.3 Treatment – REOVIRUS 💧 • 🧴 Chlorhexidine in drinking water 🚰

3.2 Diagnosis – REOVIRUS 🔬 •_____for virus detection 🧫 3.3 Treatment – REOVIRUS 💧 • 🧴____ in drinking water 🚰

REOVIRUS

This disease is most commonly seen in African Grey Parrots and transmitted through the fecal-oral route.

REOVIRUS

Characterized by fatal hepatitis, along with signs such as lethargy, anorexia, diarrhea, and pneumonia.

REOVIRUS

Uveitis and facial edema may be observed in some cases; hypoproteinemia has been seen in experimental studies.

REOVIRUS

this VIRAL disea of psittacine is Confirmed by fecal or tissue culture for virus detection.

REOVIRUS

This disease can be managed by adding chlorhexidine to drinking water.

4. AVIAN BORNAVIRUS 🦠🧠🍽 Related to Proventricular Dilatation Disease 🫃 1.       Macaw Wasting Disease 🦜⚖ - first recognized in macaws 2.       Neuropathic Ganglioneuritis 🧠 – targets CNS 3.       Lymphoplasmacytic Ganglioneuritis 🧬 4.       Psittacine Encephalomyelitis 🧠🦜 5.       Avian Ganglioneuritis 🐦

4. AVIAN BORNAVIRUS 🦠🧠🍽 Related to _____ 🫃 1.       ——- Disease 🦜⚖ - first recognized in macaws 2.      _____ Ganglioneuritis 🧠 – targets CNS 3.       ______ Ganglioneuritis 🧬 4.       Psittacine _____ 🧠🦜 5.       ____ Ganglioneuritis 🐦

4.2 Target Organs – BORNAVIRUS 🎯 • Primarily affects the digestive 🍽 and nervous systems 🧠 • Affects Cockatoos, African grey parrot, Cockatiel, Conures

4.2 Target Organs – BORNAVIRUS 🎯 • Primarily affects the____ and ____ systems • Affects _____1,2,3,4

4.3 Symptoms – BORNAVIRUS 🚨 General signs: • 😕 Inappetence & 🤮 Regurgitation • 💩 Passing undigested food • 📉 Progressive weight loss Neurological signs: • 😔 Depression & 🦵 Weakness • 🤸 Ataxia & 😵 Head tremors

4.3 Symptoms – BORNAVIRUS 🚨 General signs: • 😕 Inappetence & 🤮 ___ • 💩 Passing____ • 📉 Progressive___ Neurological signs: • 😔 Depression & 🦵 ___ • 🤸 ___& 😵 ____

4.4 Diagnosis – BORNAVIRUS 🔍 • 🩺 Clinical Examination • 📖 History & 👀 Observation • 📸 Radiography – dilatation of the proventriculus  🧪 Crop tissue biopsy • 🔬 Endoscopy & Lab Testing

4.4 Diagnosis – BORNAVIRUS 🔍 • 🩺 ____ • 📖 History & 👀 Observation • 📸 Radiography – ______  🧪_____biopsy • 🔬 ____ & Lab Testing

AVIAN BORNAVIRUS 🦠🧠🍽

This disease is closely associated with Proventricular Dilatation Disease and was first recognized as Macaw Wasting Disease.

AVIAN BORNAVIRUS 🦠🧠🍽

Also referred to as Neuropathic Ganglioneuritis, this disease primarily affects the central nervous system.

AVIAN BORNAVIRUS 🦠🧠🍽

Known to cause Psittacine Encephalomyelitis, this infection involves both the nervous and digestive systems.

AVIAN BORNAVIRUS 🦠🧠🍽

Clinical target organs of this disease include the brain and gastrointestinal tract, and it commonly affects birds like cockatoos, African grey parrots, cockatiels, and conures.

AVIAN BORNAVIRUS 🦠🧠🍽

This disease causes inappetence, regurgitation, and the passing of undigested food in feces.

AVIAN BORNAVIRUS 🦠🧠🍽

Affected birds suffer from progressive weight loss despite eating normally.

AVIAN BORNAVIRUS 🦠🧠🍽

Neurologic signs such as ataxia and head tremors are commonly observed with this condition.

AVIAN BORNAVIRUS 🦠🧠🍽

Birds infected with this disease may display depression, weakness, and signs of central nervous system involvement.

AVIAN BORNAVIRUS 🦠🧠🍽

Diagnosis OF THIS VIRAL PSITTACINE DISEASE involves clinical examination, observation of signs, and a thorough history.

AVIAN BORNAVIRUS 🦠🧠🍽

This disease may be confirmed using radiographs showing proventricular dilatation

AVIAN BORNAVIRUS 🦠🧠🍽

Diagnostic methods include crop tissue biopsy, endoscopy, and laboratory testing.

AVIAN BORNAVIRUS 🦠🧠🍽

Thethis pstiaccine viral diseas is typically FATAL so there is no definitive treatemtn

6. POLYOMAVIRUS 🦠🐥 • Family: Papovirus 🧬 • Causes Budgerigar Fledgling Disease (BFD) 🐤 • Mainly affects budgerigars, especially young birds 🐣 5.1 Clinical Signs – POLYOMAVIRUS 🚨 •❌ Loss of down and filoplume feathers on head, neck, back, abdomen • 😣 Abdominal distention • 🎨 Skin discoloration • ☠ High mortality rates

6. POLYOMAVIRUS 🦠🐥 • Family: ___ 🧬 • Causes ______ 🐤 • Mainly affects _____, especially____ birds 🐣 5.1 Clinical Signs – POLYOMAVIRUS 🚨 •❌ Loss of ____e feathers on ____ • 🫃 ____ • 🎨 _____ • ☠ ____

1.2    Post-mortem Findings – POLYOMAVIRUS ⚰ • 💧 Hydropericardium • 🏳 Pale, enlarged multifocal in livers and inflamed kidneys • ❤ Cardiomegaly

1.2    Post-mortem Findings – POLYOMAVIRUS ⚰ • 💧 _____ • 🏳_____ livers and ____ kidneys • ❤ ____

5.3 Diagnosis – POLYOMAVIRUS 🔬 • Histopathology: 🔵 Basophilic nuclear inclusion bodies in:    🪶 Feather follicles    🫄Gonads    🫀 Internal organs   5.4 Breeding Note – POLYOMAVIRUS 🐣🚫 • Virus believed to replicate in an active reproductive system ♻ • ⚠ Recommendation: Cease breeding for up to 3 years ⏳

5.3 Diagnosis – POLYOMAVIRUS 🔬 • Histopathology: 🔵_____ inclusion bodies in:    🪶____    🫄____    🫀 ____   5.4 Breeding Note – POLYOMAVIRUS 🐣🚫 • Virus believed to replicate in an _____ ♻ • ⚠ Recommendation: Cease breeding for _____ ⏳

POLYOMAVIRUS - Budgerigar Fledgling Disease (BFD

This Papovirus family virus causes Budgerigar Fledgling Disease, primarily in young budgerigars.

POLYOMAVIRUS - Budgerigar Fledgling Disease (BFD

It leads to loss of down and filoplume feathers, especially on the head, neck, back, and abdomen.

POLYOMAVIRUS - Budgerigar Fledgling Disease (BFD

Clinical signs include abdominal distention, skin discoloration, and high mortality rates in affected birds.

POLYOMAVIRUS - Budgerigar Fledgling Disease (BFD

Causes high mortality in young budgerigars and is known for its multisystemic impact.

POLYOMAVIRUS - Budgerigar Fledgling Disease (BFD

Post-mortem findings include hydropericardium, cardiomegaly, and pale, multifocal liver lesions with inflamed kidneys.

POLYOMAVIRUS - Budgerigar Fledgling Disease (BFD

Histopathologic diagnosis reveals basophilic nuclear inclusion bodies in feather follicles, gonads, and internal organs.

POLYOMAVIRUS - Budgerigar Fledgling Disease (BFD

In breeding programs, it is advised to cease breeding for up to 3 years, as the virus may replicate in an active reproductive system.