BIOLOGY !!!!!!

The name Echinodermata translates as

Spiny skin ( echino = spiny derm = skin)

The echinoderms and hemichordates are

Deuterostomes

As deuterostomes, the echinoderms and hemichordates share all of the following developmental characteristics expect one

The cleavage is determinate

Modern adult echinoderms have a form of symmetry known as

Pentaradial

Embryologically, the echinoderms water vascular system oriniates as a modification to the

Coelom

The ______ serves as a inlet into the water vascular system

madreporite

In the sea stars, ________________ groove runs along the underside of each arm

ambulacral

In sea stars, contraction of the _____ force water into the tube feet of the water vasucalr system

ampullae

Regeneration of lost parts of a sea star also serves in

aseuxal reproduction

Members of the echinoderm class ___________ are called sea stars

Asteroidea

Sea stars typically feed _______

On bivalves

in sea stars, thin folds of the body wall that function in respiration are called

Dermal branchiae

In sea stars, the _________ surface is the upper surface of the animal and contains the madreporite

aboral

The ___________ are found on the oral surface of the arms of the sea star and house the tube feet

Ambulacral grooves

When feeding on a bivalve, a sea star everts the ______ from its body

Oral (cardiac) stomach

The major secetory and absorptive strugtures of the sea star digestive system are the

Pyloric ceca

The principal nitrogenous waste of sea stars is _________.

ammonia

In Asteroidea, the ________ system consists of strands of tissue that encircle the mouth near the ring canal and run into each arm near the radial canals. As in other echinoderms, this system probably transports digestive products, hormones, and other substances.

Hemal

__________ function in cleaning the body surface of many echinoderms.

Pedicellariae

Sea daisies have a thin membrane, the ___________, that digest and absorbs nutrients.

Velum

Basket stars and brittle stars belong to the echinoderm class _________.

Ophiuroidea

Unlike sea stars, in ophiuroids, the tube feet are extended by _______.

contraction of muscles at their bases

Of the following structures found in sea stars, which one is also present in brittle stars.

Tube feet




(extra notes)
The life style of brittle stars is different from that of sea stars. They do not use their water vascular system in locomotion. They are found in soft substrates and feed by sweeping arms through the substrate. Gas exchange occurs across bursae. These differences are reflected in the absence of ampullae, dermal branchae, pedicellariae, and an aboral madreporite. Their madreporite is oral in position.

If a brittle star is grasped by an arm, certian muscles may contract to serve and cast off the arm in a process called ________.

autotomy

The characteristic larval stage of brittle stars is the _______.

ophiopluteus

Sea urchins and sand dollars belong to the echinoderm class _______.

Echinoidea

The skeleton of sea urchins consists of 10 sets of closely fitting plates and is called a(n) _______

Test

Which of the following echinoderms may contain venom dangerous to humans?

sea urchins

The function of Aristotle's lantern is _______.

Chewing

The primary circulatory medium in echinoids is _______.

coelomic fluid

The characteristic larva of the echinoids is the _______.

pluteus

Sea cucumbers belong to the echinoderm class _______.

Holothuroidea

Many echinoderms from this class produce toxins in their body walls that discourage predators.

Holothuroidea

Echinoderms from this class have been overharvested around the Galàpagos islands, as they have become increasingly popular for both culinary and medicinal uses.

Holothuroidea

The madreporite in sea cucumbers is _______.

internal

Sea cucumbers respire using _______.

the respiratory tree

Some sea cucumbers have special tubules of the respiratory tree that contains sticky secretions and toxins and can be everted through the anus; these are called __________ tubules.

Cuverian

Sea lilies and feather stars belong to the echinoderm class _______.

Crinoidea

The echinoderms that most closely resemble fossil forms are the _______.

crinoids

Which is the only class of echinoderms where the oral surface is not oriented to the substrate?

Crinoidea.

Members of the phylum __________ include acorn worms and pterobranchs.

Hemichordata

Echinoderms and hemichordates are more closely related to mammals than to crabs and shrimp. Indicate below if this statement is True or False, followed by the correct reasoning for that answer. Check all of the answer choices that apply.

False. Crabs, shrimp, echinoderms, and hemichordates are all invertebrates and chordates are vertebrates.

Ambulacrarians and chordates are united into the clade Deuterostomia. In addition to sharing deuterostome characters like radial cleavage and an anus that forms in the region of the embryonic blastopore, the validity of the clade is supported by a wealth of molecular evidence. Another synapomorphy was once considered to be uniquely chordate, but now it is thought to have evolved very early in the deuterostome lineage and then lost in the echinoderm branch. This character is _______.

pharyngeal slits

Most modern echinoderms assume a mouth-down feeding and locomotion posture. Members of the class Crinoidea are an exception. They are attached, mouth-up, and feed using tube feet to trap food from the water column. Recent molecular analyses show the Crinoidea to be basal to other extant classes. Which of the following help to explain these observations?

The mouth-up posture must be an ancestral character. The mouth-down posture evolved secondarily.

In chordates, the __________ is a dorsal rod, with a sheath of connective tissue functioning in support.

notochord

In chordates, _______ are a series of openings that may function in filter feeding or as the location of gills.

pharyngeal slits

The tunic of tunicates is composed of proteins, various salts, and _______.

cellulose

Root-like extensions of the tunic called __________ are used to anchor a tunicate to the substrate.

stolons

The cavity surrounding the pharynx of a tunicate is called the _______.

atrium

The gill slits perforating the pharynx of a tunicate are called _______.

stigmas

The endostyle of invertebrate chordates may have been the precursor to the vertebrate _______.

thyroid gland

__________ cells in the circulatory system of tunicates accumulate nitrogenous wastes.

Amoeboid

When we say "my heart was in my throat," that might also apply to tunicates, as their heart is in their _______.

atrium near the pharynx

Members of the subphylum Cephalochordata are called _______.

lancelets

The ciliated groove that extends longitudinally along the midventral aspect of the pharynx in cephalochordates is the _______.

endostyle

Increased larval motility is often adaptive for species with sedentary adults because it promotes _______.

dispersal

Which of the following animals is not in the phylum Chordata?

Acorn worms

These animals are commonly used in introductory zoology courses because they possess all five chordate characteristics throughout their life.

Lancelet

Terrestrial vertebrates made their appearance approximately 400 million years ago, near the end of this period.

Devonian

In the vertebrates, the notochord _______.

is replaced by the vertebrae in almost all species

Unlike the classic ascidian sea squirts, some urochordates, such as the salps, may be _______.

bioluminescent and planktonic

The unattached end of adult urochordates contains two openings on projecting stalks that permit seawater to circulate through the body. They are called _______.

siphons

In the tunicates, __________ on the outside of the intestine may function in excretion.

pyloric glands

Development in the tunicates involves a __________ larval stage.

tadpole

The tunic of tunicates is composed of proteins, various salts, and _______.

pyloric glands

Which of the following is not one of the five characteristics seen in all chordates at some time in their life history?

Mouth developed from blastopore

Fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals are all members of the subphylum _______.

Craniata

Tentacles, known as __________, surround the oral hood of the cephalochordate.

cirri

Which of the following was a characteristic of the common ancestor of clade Chordata and clade Ambulacraria?

Pharyngeal slits

Which class contains the lampreys?

Petromyzontida

The appearance of __________ is considered to be one of the major developments in vertebrate evolution.

jaws and paired appendages

Bone in vertebrates is thought to have originated at least __________ years ago.

510 million

Adult sea lampreys in the Great Lakes feed primarily on _______.

blood of large bony fish

Hagfishes belong to the class _______.

Myxini

In their feeding habits, the largest sharks are _______.

filter feeders

Unlike other chondrichthians, the __________ have a gill cover called the operculum

ratfish

Lungfishes belong to the class _______.

Sarcopterygii

The lobe-finned fishes, such as coelacanths, are found in the class _______.

Sarcopterygii