Midterm Crunch Time Study Guide

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71 Terms

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Parathyroid Gland
secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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Ovary
Secretes Estrogen and Progesterone
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Pineal Gland
secretes melatonin, regulates circadian rhythms
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Anterior Pituitary
Secretes Adrenocorticotropic hormone (Acth), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Prolactin, and Growth hormone (GH)
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posterior pituitary
storage for Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
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Adrenal Gland
A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress such as cortisol and aldosterone.
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Hypothalamus
Releases hormones that stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary and two hormones (ADH and oxytocin) stored in the posterior pituitary.
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Thyroid Gland

Lies in the anterior base of the neck and produces the hormones essential for proper regulation of metabolism such as thyroid hormone and calcitonin.

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Thymus
Gland in the thoracic cavity above the heart where T lymphocytes mature. it is the largest and most active during infancy. secretes thymosin and thymopoietin.
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Pancreas
Regulates the level of sugar in the blood by secreting insulin and glucagon from the pancreatic islets.
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Testes
the male reproductive organ that makes sperm and testosterone
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Thyroid - produces thyroid hormone and calcitonin.

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Pituitary - Secretes Adrenocorticotropic hormone (Acth), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Prolactin, and Growth hormone (GH)

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Pancreas - Secretes insulin and Glucagon

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Testes - Secretes sperm and testosterone

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Ovary - Secretes Estrogen and Progesterone

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Pineal - Secretes melatonin

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Parathyroid - Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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Adrenal - Secrete cortisol and aldosterone.

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Dwarfism

Endocrine Disorder that causes individual to grow shorter than average due to lack of Growth Hormone.

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Hypoglycemia

Endocrine disorder where blood sugar levels are too low due to excessive presence of insulin in the body.

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Role of Insulin

Manages blood sugar levels by allowing food (glucose) to be used as energy in the body.

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Role of Glucagon

Regulates blood sugar levels from dropping to low by increasing the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the blood.

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  • Blood Type A-

  • Antigens: A

  • Antibodies: B

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  • Blood Type B-

  • Antigens: B

  • Antibodies: A

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  • Blood Type AB+

  • Antigens: A, B, Rh

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  • Blood Type O+

  • Antigens: Rh

  • Antibodies: A, B

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Antigens

  • foreign substances that prompt an immune response

  • Correspond to the blood cell type. Ex. Blood A has A antigens.

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Antibodies

  • Proteins that fight antigens

  • Present in the plasma of the cell, correspond to what the blood cell ISN’T. Ex. Blood A had B Antibodies

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Universal Donor (Blood)

O- Blood

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Universal Receiver (Blood)

AB+ Blood

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Blood Composition Percentage

  • 55% Plasma

  • 45% Formed Elements

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Makeup of Plasma

  • 90% water

  • 8% Proteins (albumin most common)

  • 2% Electrolytes

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Makeup of Formed Elements

  • Blood cells (Erythrocytes and Leukocytes)

  • Platelets

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Capillary Tubes

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Centrifuge

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Stethoscope

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Sphygmomanometer

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  • Eosinophil

  • Destroys parasites and modulates allergic inflammatory responses

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  • Basophil

  • Releases histamine in certain immune reactions

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  • Erythrocyte

  • Transports O2 and CO2 bound to hemoglobin

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  • Lymphocyte

  • B cells: make antibodies/T cells: Kill infected cells and regulates leucocytes

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  • Monocyte

  • Becomes tissue microphage, digest invading microorganisms and damaged senescent cells

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  • Neutrophil

  • Phagocytosis and destroy invading bacteria

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Which side of the heart receives/pumps oxygen-rich blood?

Left

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Which side of the heart receives/pumps oxygen-poor blood?

Right

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Pulmonary Circulation/System

Facilitates blood between the heart and the lungs.

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Systemic Circulation/System

Facilitates blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

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Pulmonary Arteries

Carry oxygen-poor blood

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Pulmonary Veins

Carry oxygen-rich blood

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Systemic arteries

Carry oxygen-rich blood

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Systemic veins

Carry oxygen-poor blood

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P Wave - Electrical impulse moves from upper chambers to lower chambers

PR Interval - Reflects ability to conduct electrical impulses from upper to lower chambers.

QRS Complex - Reflects conduction of electricity of the lower chambers.

T Wave - Repolarization

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Arteries

Carry blood Away from the heat.

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Veins

Carry blood towards the heat.

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Tachycardia

Medical Term for Heart Rate over 100 beats per minute.

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Bradycardia

Medical Term for Heart Rate slower than 60 beats per minute.

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Fibrillation

a muscular twitching involving individual muscle fibers acting without coordination

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Heart Sounds (Lub-dup)

First “lub-dub” - mitral and tricuspid valves closing

second “lub-dub” - aortic and pulmonary valves closing

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Murmurs

Whooshing/Swishing sound caused by abnormal blood flow over heart valves

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Hypotension

Abnormally low blood pressure

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Hypertension

Abnormally high blood pressue

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Systole

  • heart muscle contracts

  • Pushes blood OUT of the heart

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Diastole

  • heart muscle relaxes

  • Heart chambers FILL with blood

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Lymph Node

  • Capsule

  • Medulla (Sinuses + Cords)

  • Trabeculae

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Spleen

  • White Pulp

  • Red Pulp

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Autoimmunity

Immune system attacks the body’s own healthy cells and tissues

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  • Aortic Valve

  • Sounds heard in 2nd Intercoastal space at right sternal margin

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  • Mitral Valve

  • Sounds heard over heart apex, in 5th intercostal space, in line with middle of clavicle

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  • Pulmonary Valve

  • Sounds heard in 2nd Intercoastal Space at left sternal margin

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  • Tricuspid Valve

  • Sounds heard in right sternal margin of 5th intercostal space.

  • Variations: over sternum, over left sternal margin in 5th intercostal space.