Midterm Crunch Time Study Guide

AP2 Lab

Parathyroid Gland

Parathyroid Gland

secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Ovary

Secretes Estrogen and Progesterone

Pineal Gland

secretes melatonin, regulates circadian rhythms

Anterior Pituitary

Secretes Adrenocorticotropic hormone (Acth), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Prolactin, and Growth hormone (GH)

posterior pituitary

storage for Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

Adrenal Gland

A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress such as cortisol and aldosterone.

Hypothalamus

Releases hormones that stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary and two hormones (ADH and oxytocin) stored in the posterior pituitary.

Thyroid Gland

Lies in the anterior base of the neck and produces the hormones essential for proper regulation of metabolism such as thyroid hormone and calcitonin.

Thymus

Gland in the thoracic cavity above the heart where T lymphocytes mature. it is the largest and most active during infancy. secretes thymosin and thymopoietin.

Pancreas

Regulates the level of sugar in the blood by secreting insulin and glucagon from the pancreatic islets.

Testes

the male reproductive organ that makes sperm and testosterone

Thyroid - produces thyroid hormone and calcitonin.

Pituitary - Secretes Adrenocorticotropic hormone (Acth), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Prolactin, and Growth hormone (GH)

Pancreas - Secretes insulin and Glucagon

Testes - Secretes sperm and testosterone

Ovary - Secretes Estrogen and Progesterone

Pineal - Secretes melatonin

Parathyroid - Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Adrenal - Secrete cortisol and aldosterone.

Dwarfism

Endocrine Disorder that causes individual to grow shorter than average due to lack of Growth Hormone.

Hypoglycemia

Endocrine disorder where blood sugar levels are too low due to excessive presence of insulin in the body.

Role of Insulin

Manages blood sugar levels by allowing food (glucose) to be used as energy in the body.

Role of Glucagon

Regulates blood sugar levels from dropping to low by increasing the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the blood.

• Blood Type A-

• Antigens: A

• Antibodies: B

• Blood Type B-

• Antigens: B

• Antibodies: A

• Blood Type AB+

• Antigens: A, B, Rh

• Blood Type O+

• Antigens: Rh

• Antibodies: A, B

Antigens

• foreign substances that prompt an immune response

• Correspond to the blood cell type. Ex. Blood A has A antigens.

Antibodies

• Proteins that fight antigens

• Present in the plasma of the cell, correspond to what the blood cell ISN’T. Ex. Blood A had B Antibodies

Universal Donor (Blood)

O- Blood

Universal Receiver (Blood)

AB+ Blood

Blood Composition Percentage

• 55% Plasma

• 45% Formed Elements

Makeup of Plasma

• 90% water

• 8% Proteins (albumin most common)

• 2% Electrolytes

Makeup of Formed Elements

• Blood cells (Erythrocytes and Leukocytes)

• Platelets

Capillary Tubes

Centrifuge

Stethoscope

Sphygmomanometer

• Eosinophil

• Destroys parasites and modulates allergic inflammatory responses

• Basophil

• Releases histamine in certain immune reactions

• Erythrocyte

• Transports O2 and CO2 bound to hemoglobin

• Lymphocyte

• B cells: make antibodies/T cells: Kill infected cells and regulates leucocytes

• Monocyte

• Becomes tissue microphage, digest invading microorganisms and damaged senescent cells

• Neutrophil

• Phagocytosis and destroy invading bacteria

Which side of the heart receives/pumps oxygen-rich blood?

Left

Which side of the heart receives/pumps oxygen-poor blood?

Right

Pulmonary Circulation/System

Facilitates blood between the heart and the lungs.

Systemic Circulation/System

Facilitates blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

Pulmonary Arteries

Carry oxygen-poor blood

Pulmonary Veins

Carry oxygen-rich blood

Systemic arteries

Carry oxygen-rich blood

Systemic veins

Carry oxygen-poor blood

P Wave - Electrical impulse moves from upper chambers to lower chambers

PR Interval - Reflects ability to conduct electrical impulses from upper to lower chambers.

QRS Complex - Reflects conduction of electricity of the lower chambers.

T Wave - Repolarization

Arteries

Carry blood Away from the heat.

Veins

Carry blood towards the heat.

Tachycardia

Medical Term for Heart Rate over 100 beats per minute.

Bradycardia

Medical Term for Heart Rate slower than 60 beats per minute.

Fibrillation

a muscular twitching involving individual muscle fibers acting without coordination

Heart Sounds (Lub-dup)

First “lub-dub” - mitral and tricuspid valves closing

second “lub-dub” - aortic and pulmonary valves closing

Murmurs

Whooshing/Swishing sound caused by abnormal blood flow over heart valves

Hypotension

Abnormally low blood pressure

Hypertension

Abnormally high blood pressue

Systole

• heart muscle contracts

• Pushes blood OUT of the heart

Diastole

• heart muscle relaxes

• Heart chambers FILL with blood

Lymph Node

• Capsule

• Medulla (Sinuses + Cords)

• Trabeculae

Spleen

• White Pulp

• Red Pulp

Autoimmunity

Immune system attacks the body’s own healthy cells and tissues

• Aortic Valve

• Sounds heard in 2nd Intercoastal space at right sternal margin

• Mitral Valve

• Sounds heard over heart apex, in 5th intercostal space, in line with middle of clavicle

• Pulmonary Valve

• Sounds heard in 2nd Intercoastal Space at left sternal margin

• Tricuspid Valve

• Sounds heard in right sternal margin of 5th intercostal space.

• Variations: over sternum, over left sternal margin in 5th intercostal space.