GL Term 1 Test Study Guide

What are the four key elements of a pitch?

Structure (problem need, solution, ask), preparation (2 mins), engaging (help the audience imagine the solutions impact, don't bring up every detail), ask (what do you need from the audience).  

What is microfinance

A term used to describe financial service for those without access to traditional banking. Includes microloans and micro savings. Micro-savings, with savings-matching to stimulate the practice of saving 

What is a randomized control trial?

Randomize subjects into a treatment & control group and compare

Before microfinance approaches were rigorously tested, what were the financial outcomes that microfinance programs were credited with improving? 

Income 

• Savings 

• Accumulation of assets 

• Furniture, sewing machine

 What were thenon-financial outcomes that microfinance programs were credited with improving?

Food security 

• Education 

• Housing 

• Social Cohesion 

• Health 

• Nutrition 

• Women’s Empowerment 

• Job Creation 

What is meant by the “mission drift” of microfinance? 

Mission Drift” – from fighting poverty to making money

After more rigorous testing on micro financing, what was its impact on poverty reduction?

Saving, expenditures increased , assets increased initially but not overtime

After more rigorous testing on micro financing, what was its impact on health?

Positive

After more rigorous testing on micro financing, what was its impact on food security?

Positive impact but not universally

After more rigorous testing on micro financing, what was its impact on education?

Conflicting, some positive impacts, some none, some negative

After more rigorous testing on micro financing, what was its impact on housing?

Positive

After more rigorous testing on micro financing, what was its impact on job creation

No impact

After more rigorous testing on micro financing, what was its impact on social cohesion?

No impact

What are three broad groups of malnutrition

Undernutrition: wasting, stunting and underweight

Micronutrient: micronutrient deficiencies  

Overweight: obesity 

Wasting

low weight for height

Stunting

low height ofr age

Underweight

low weight for age

xerophtalmia

Deficiency of vitamin A leads to dryness of the eyes, manifests to night blindness, eventually causes softening of the corneas and total blindness. 

In the mid 1980’s Alfred Sommer and his colleagues conducted a series of large clinical trials that showed that a single, simple intervention reduced child mortality by 33% in some areas. What was the intervention?

Supplementation of vitamin A

Why were Sommer’s results ignored and not believed by the research community

 He didn't use a placebo 

Who were the FCHV’s?

female community health volunteers

How were the FCHV’s motivated at the start of this program?

They were given special privilages and roles in their community

While supplements have an impact, what are the long-term, sustainable solutions for vitamin A deficiency?

Strengthening home gardening, small animal husbandry, food markets, and dietary change

What is a bamboo treadle pump? 

Pump that allows farmers to access ground water during the dry season. The treadles are made of bamboo which is inexpensive and locally available 

What is a drip irrigation system and how does it help?

Involves placing tubes in the ground alongside the plants to drip water in with the roots  

What is a pot-in-pot system and how does it help?  

Pot inside another pot with the space in-between filled with sand and water, evaporation keeps crops fresh longer

What are the key events of the malaria parasites life cycle in the human body? 

 • Parasites evades the immune system. 

• Infects liver cells and multiplies. 

• Liver cells burst, daughter parasites attach to red blood cells and consume hemoglobin and divide. 

• RBC’s burst, releasing more parasites -> RBC’s. 

• Destroys oxygen carrying RBC’s. 

• Debris from RBC’s bursting can clog capillaries carrying blood to the brain (cerebral malaria). 

• Symptoms appear 9-14 days after infection, when daughter parasites are released from liver cells. 

• Fever, vomiting, headache, flu-like symptoms. 

In the mid-1990’s, what was the solution implemented to prevent malaria in low resource settings around the world?

Insecticide treated net  

When was the first malaria vaccine approved for widespread use by the WHO? What is the vaccines effectiveness?  

2021

What is a guinea worm?

When someone drinks stagnant water contaminated with pods then the stomach acid kills the pods and penetrate the abdominal cavity, the larvae mate and then grow three feet in length, a year later they rise to the surface of the skin and create a painful blister that makes it hard to walk. Water subsides the pain but then that water source is contaminated.  

What was the solution that helped enable the program for guinea worm eradication?  

 Filtered straws

What were the three key elements of the eradication plan?

 1. safe water 

2. health education 

3. surveillance and case management 

7.) Malaria caused >700,000 deaths in 2021. At its peak prevalence, how many deaths did guinea worm cause?   

At its peak in the mid-1980s, guinea worm disease affected an estimated 3.5 million people annually. Deaths from guinea worm disease were relatively rare.

What was the central intervention strategy to the PROGRESA strategy improve education, nutrition, and health outcomes in Mexico? 

Providing monetary incentives to families to encourage good education, health and nutrition behaviors. The cash is only transferred if they have a certain attendance rate at school, get preventative health services, and are monitored health wise at clinic appointments. 

What year were the MDG’s signed into action?

2000

What years were the MDG’s aimed to be met?

2015

How many MDG’s were there?

8

 The SDG’s were adopted in what year?

2015

What years were the SDG’s aimed to be met?

2030

Define average per capita income. 

Regions total income divided by population

What is purchasing power?

Value of a currency, the number of goods or service a unit of money could buy  

What is purchasing power parity? 

Difference in prices for different services  

What is the Big Mac Index?  

How much does a big mac cost in USD in different countries 

How does the world bank define low income?

< 1,035

How does the world bank define lower middle

1,035-4,045

How does TWB define upper middle income

4,046-12535

How does the world bank defien high income

> 12,535

What are the three metrics for inclusion of a country as an LDC?

GNI per capita 

Health assets index  

Economic and environmental vulnerability index

What are the three health indices that contribute to the Human Asset Index (HAI)? 

• Under five mortality rate 

• Stunting  

• Maternal mortality

What are the three education indices that contribute to the Human Asset Index (HAI)? 

• Lower secondary education completion 

• Adult literacy 

Gender parity index for lower secondary completion 

 What are the four economic vulnerability indices that contribute to the economic and environmental vulnerability index (EVI)?

• Share of agriculture and fishing in GDP 

• Remoteness and landlock-ness 

• Merchandise expert 

• Instability of exports of goods and services

 What are the four environmental indices that contribute to the economic and environmental vulnerability index (EVI)?

• Share of population in low elevated coastal zone 

• Share living in drylands 

• Instability of agricultural production  

• Victims of disaster

What are the three indices that contribute to the Human Development Index (HDI)?

Health, Education, Standard of living

Target 1.2

By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions

Target 1.3

Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable

Target 1.4

By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance

Labour market interventions

policies designed to promote employment, efficient labor markets and worker protections.

Social insurance

 mitigate risk associated with unemployment, ill health, disability, old age (health insurance or employment insurance)

Social assistance

resources are transferred to vulnerable induvial like elderly, homeless, single parents (food stamps, welfare)

What is the Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU) and what is it used to measure?

Indicator to estimate the extent of hunger in the world.

Moderately food insecure

forced to reduce the quality or quantity of food they eat

severely food insecure

may go a day or more without eating, experiencing a significant reduction in food intake and potentially hunger

How is data for the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES) collected?  

survey

Target 2.1

By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food all year round

Target 2.2

By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons

What is the WHO definition of Health

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease”

Morbidity

sickness of any departure forms a physical or psychological state of well being

Mortality

death

Disability

any condition of the body of mind that makes it more difficult for the person to do certain activities and interact with the world around them

Demographic transition

shift towards lower birth and death rates that often occurs as populations move from being low income to high income

Epidemiologic transition

shift in primary health problems form infectious diseases to non-communicable diseases (heart disease, diabetes)  

nutritional shifts

Pretransition: undernutrition, stunted growth 

Transitioning: goes from undernutrition to obesity 

Post transition: more processed food, increased obesity, lifestyle disease 

Target 3.2

By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under‐5 mortality to at least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births

Target 3.3

By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases

Target 3.4

By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote mental health and well-being

Incidence

Number of new cases of a disease in a population over a period of time

Prevalence

Number of existing cases of the disease in a give population at a given time 

What is the class of  medicines that is used to treat HIV infection. 

Anti-retroviral therapy HAART

Describe the 7 effective HIV prevention methods. 

• HIV vaccine  

• Education and counseling patients  

• Testing mothers for HIV and treating mothers with HAART  

• Testing so that you can get early treatment  

• Pre exposure prophylaxis 

• Male circumcision 

• Treatment starting early 

What is DOTS and why is it necessary?

Directly observed treatment short course (DOTS) – administration of TB medicine, daily, under the watch of healthcare worker.  DOTS – 95% cure rate 

Ischemic

a heart condition that occurs when the heart's blood supply is reduced 

Myocardial

dead heart muscle replaced by fibrous scar; heart function compromised 

stroke

Blood vessels supplying the brain are blocked

prediabetes

 blood sugar levels are higher than normal, but not high enough yet to be diagnosed as type 2 diabetes

diabetes

your body doesn’t make enough insulin (Type 1 Diabetes) or can’t use it as well as it should (Type 2 Diabetes).

What is the rationale for developing / using a suicide risk screening tool at regular primary care physician visits?

50-66% of victims visit a physician within one month and 10- 40% within one week before suicide.

List two countries that have the highest alcohol and drug use disorders death rate in 2019.  

USA, Russia 

Target 4.1

By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes

Target 4.2

By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre‐primary education so that they are ready for primary education

Target 4.3

By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university

Target 4.4

By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship

How to meaure 4.4

Party indices  

-

Adjusted gender parity index

WHat are parity indicies

parity indices are comparisons between female/male, rural/urban, bottom/top 

What are the examples of legal frameworks described in Target 5.17 

(i) overarching legal frameworks and public life; 

(ii) violence against women; 

(iii) employment and economic benefits; and 

(iv) marriage and family 

Target 5.2

Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation

Target 5.3

Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation

Target 5.4

Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the family as nationally appropriate

What proportion of women in the world have reported experiences some form of violence from an intimate partner in their lifetime?  

31

What is Female genital mutilation? What are ‘reasons’ that are cited for conducting these procedures?

Social norm: the social pressure to conform to what others do and have been doing, as well as the need to be accepted socially and the fear of being rejected by the community, are strong motivations to perpetuate the practice. 

Necessary part of raising a girl: A way to prepare her for adulthood and marriage. Control her sexuality to promote premarital virginity and marital fidelity. 

Religious reasons: Claimed, but no religious scripts prescribe the practice. Religious leaders take varying positions, with some contributing to its abandonment

What is the percentage of seats in legislative position held by women in the USA?

30%