Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT): Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Management Study Guide

What is thrombophlebitis?

A condition in which a blood clot forms and blocks one or more veins.

What is deep venous thrombosis (DVT)?

A thrombosis located in a muscle, typically occurring in large veins of the lower leg or thigh.

What are the three pathologic factors associated with thrombus formation known as?

Virchow triad: circulatory stasis, vascular damage, and hypercoagulability.

What happens when a thrombus propagates in the direction of blood flow?

It triggers an inflammatory response and can break loose, traveling through circulation as emboli.

What is the primary function of the venous system?

To return deoxygenated blood from capillaries to the vena cava.

What are common risk factors for developing venous thrombi?

Venous injury, cancer, pregnancy, oral contraception or hormone replacement therapy, clotting disorders, and obesity.

What is the preferred anticoagulant during pregnancy?

Heparin, as warfarin can cross the placenta and has teratogenic effects.

What is a common complication of hospitalization and surgery related to DVT?

Venous thrombi occur at sites where the vein is normal but blood flow is low.

What are the symptoms of DVT?

Symptoms can include swelling, pain, warmth, and tenderness of the extremity.

What diagnostic tests are commonly used for DVT?

D-dimer test and ultrasonography.

What is the role of anticoagulants in DVT treatment?

To prevent thrombus formation and reduce the risk of clots and stroke.

What are low-molecular-weight heparins used for?

They are more effective with a lower risk of bleeding and do not require close laboratory monitoring.

What is the significance of the INR in anticoagulant therapy?

It is maintained above 2.0 to prevent recurrent thrombosis.

What are the lifespan considerations for DVT in older adults?

Higher risk of DVT due to age-related factors and comorbidities.

What is the nursing process for DVT management?

Includes observation, patient interview, physical examination, and assessment of risk factors.

What is a common nursing diagnosis for patients with DVT?

Acute Pain, Ineffective Protection, or Deficient Physical Mobility.

What is the goal of DVT treatment?

To achieve pain control, prevent complications from embolization, and ensure adequate tissue perfusion.

What are some nonpharmacologic therapies for DVT?

Early mobilization, leg elevation, and use of compression stockings.

What is the expected outcome of DVT management?

Patients identify warning signs and maintain anticoagulant therapy without complications.

What are the potential complications of DVT?

Embolization of thrombus, long-term complications, and increased risk of bleeding.

What lifestyle factors can increase the risk of DVT?

Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and certain hormonal therapies.

What is the importance of regular follow-up in DVT management?

To monitor INR levels and adjust anticoagulant dosages as necessary.

What is the role of fibroblasts in thrombus formation?

Fibroblasts invade the thrombus, leading to scarring of the vein.

What is the impact of age on DVT risk?

Older adults have a higher risk due to factors like immobility and multiple comorbidities.

What is the significance of the D-dimer test in DVT diagnosis?

It helps to rule out the presence of a thrombus.

What are the symptoms of DVT in infants and children?

Symptoms are often nonspecific but can include acute pain and swelling in extremities.

What is the treatment approach for DVT in adolescents?

Similar to adults, with consideration for hormonal contraceptive use.