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hypothesis
Testable statements that try to explain phenomena observed in the natural world
The Scientific Method
Evolutionary synthesis
a unified theory of evolution that combines genetics with natural selection
what are the 4 main components of the evolutionary synthesis?
1. Mendel's theory of heredity + Darwin's theory of evolution
2. thomas hunt morgan's mutation and chromosomes (chroms carry genetics)
3. Gene flow
4. genetic drift
Catastrophism
theory that states that natural disasters such as floods caused extinction of species
Macroevolution
large scale evolution that occurs after hundreds of thousands of generations
Microevolution
Change in allele frequencies that occurs from one generation from the next (observable)
Uniformitarianism
The theory that geological processes that occurred in the past are still at work today
Lamarckism
A theory of evolution where an organism can pass on traits that it acquired in its lifetime. believed that evolution is caused by an individual
Natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
Genes
Chemical factors that determine traits
Alleles
Different forms of a gene
Phenotype
physical characteristics of an organism
Prokaryotes
single cell organism with NO nucleus, bacteria, first life on earth
Eukaryotes
multi-cellular organisms with membrane-bound organelles, DNA is bound to the nucleus, all human beings
Codominance
when two alleles are expressed equally (red and white flowers make pink)
haploid cell
A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (23)... for gametes
diploid cell
A cell containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, for somatic cells
recombination
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting from a crossover event during meiosis
Directional selection
selection for one allele over the other alleles (becoming shorter or taller)
stabilizing selection
selection against the extremes of the phenotypic distribution, a favor to be average
Disruptive selection
favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range (super short AND super tall)
gene pool
all the genetic information in the breeding population
gene flow
movement of alleles from one population to another
genetic drift
random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations
The founder effect
when a small population migrates to a new region (genetically unoccupied) where they are reproductively isolated. As this population grows, its gene pool diverges from its original group
reproductive isolation
Separation of populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
convergent evolution
Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments (emu and ostridges.. not related at all but look the same)
Mutation
A random change in a gene or chromosome, creating a new trait that may be advantageous, deleterious, or neutral
Endogamous
refers to a population in which individuals breed only with each other
exogamous
refers to a population in which individuals breed only with nonmembers
What are the 4 classic subfields of anthropology?
cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, biological anthropology, and archeology
Cultural Anthropology
The study of human society and culture
Linguistic Anthropology
The study of human language
Biological Anthropology
The study of the biological aspects of the human species, past and present, along with those of our closest relatives, the nonhuman primates.
Archeology
the study of past people and cultures through their material remains
Applied Anthropology
The use of anthropological knowledge and methods to solve practical problems
What are the six features that make humans unique?
bipedalism, loss of honing canine, material culture, speech, hunting, domestication of plants and animals
Bipedalism
walking on two feet. 6 mya.
Loss of honing canine
an upper canine tooth that, as a part of a non-honing chewing mechanism, is not sharpened.. due to DIET! now that we are omnivores and not just eating meat. 5.5 mya.
material culture
the part of culture that is expressed as material objects that humans use to manipulate environments. dependency on tools. 2.6 mya.
4 forces of evolution
Natural selection, mutation, gene flow, genetic drift.
What are the 5 fields that contributed to Darwin's theory of evolution?
Geology, paleontology, taxonomy, demography, evolutionary biology
Mendel's contribution to evolution and genetics?
refuted blended inheritance, introduced the concepts that traits are inherited through discrete units called genes. established the laws of inheritance that said that traits were inherited individually. dominant and recessive alleles.
What is the significance of the theory of uniformitarianism?
What is the significance of the theory of Malthus's work on demography?
Mendelian inheritance
A set of primary principles governing genetic inheritance, established by Gregor Mendel, which include the concepts of segregation and independent assortment of alleles during gamete formation.
law of segregation
The mother and father contribute equally to an offspring's genetic makeup. The pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete.
Mendel's second law, which asserts that the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of other traits.
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a particular gene.
Homozygous
Alleles that are identical for a particular gene
What were Rosalind Franklin's contributions to scientific knowledge of DNA?
chromosomes are made of dna
