[1] Principles of Chemistry

what is gas to solid?

deposition

what is liquid to gas

evaporation

what hold together particles in gases solids and liquids

intermolecular forces

What happens when a colored solution is diluted?

the concentration of the solute decreases, causing the color to become lighter. This occurs because the solute particles spread out as more solvent is added.

Why does the color of a diluted solution fade?

The solute particles are more spread out in the solution, reducing the number of particles per unit volume, which weakens the color intensity.

What is diffusion of gases?

Diffusion is the movement of gas particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration,

Why do gases diffuse?

Gas particles move randomly due to their kinetic energy, causing them to spread out and fill the space evenly.

What factors affect the rate of diffusion of gases?

higher temperature = faster diffusion, pressure, and the mass of gas particles (lighter particles diffuse faster).

what is a solution

mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent.

what does units g per 100g of solvent mean

refers to the maximum amount of a solute that can dissolve in 100 grams of solvent at a specific temperature to form a saturated solution.

on a solubility curve what is on the x axis and what is on the y axis

x axis - temperature (celcius)
y axis - solubility (g/100g of solvent)

how do you investigate the solubility of potassium chloride in water at a specific temp

To investigate the solubility of potassium chloride (KCl) in water at a specific temperature, first measure a known volume of water and heat it to the desired temperature using a thermometer. Then, add an excess of potassium chloride to the water while stirring continuously. As KCl dissolves, continue adding more until no more can dissolve, indicating that the solution has reached saturation. At this point, filter off any undissolved KCl using filter paper. Afterward, weigh the undissolved KCl to determine the amount that did not dissolve. To calculate the solubility, subtract the mass of undissolved KCl from the initial mass of KCl added to find the mass that dissolved. Then, divide the mass of dissolved KCl by the mass of water used and multiply by 100 to find the solubility in grams of KCl per 100 grams of water.

what happens when hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas reacts with ammonia (NH₃) gas,

they combine to form solid ammonium chloride a white smoke or cloud

what diffuses quicker ammonia gas or hydrogen chloride gas

ammnoia gas