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Experimental Units
Individuals to whom treatments are applied and from whom measurements are taken.
Matched Pair Design
Pairing similar elements to compare treatment effects.
Statistically Significant
Observing a difference large enough to rule out chance variation.
P-value
Probability of observing a difference less than 5%, indicating statistical significance.
Bias
Systematic error leading to overestimation or underestimation of true values.
Volunteer Bias
Tendency for individuals with strong opinions to respond to surveys.
Nonresponse Bias
Bias due to some individuals not responding to a survey.
Undercoverage Bias
Bias arising from excluding part of the population from the sample.
Wording Bias
Bias introduced by leading survey questions.
Control
Ensuring a group in an experiment does not receive any treatment.
Replication
Repeating experiments to rule out chance variation.
Random Assignment
Placing participants into treatment groups randomly.
Comparison
Essential for evaluating the effects of treatments.
Simple Random Sample
Each group of size n has an equal chance of selection.
Stratified Random Sample
Dividing the population into strata for more specific results.
Cluster
Selecting all individuals from some groups spread over a large area.
Systematic Random Sample
Selecting individuals at regular intervals from a list.
Population
Entire group from which data is collected.
Sample
Subset of the population used to draw conclusions about the population.
Observational Study
Researchers observe outcomes without assigning treatments.
Voluntary Response Sample
Participants choose to be part of the sample.
Convenience Sample
Nonrandom sample chosen based on availability.
Experimental Study
Introducing treatments to observe outcomes.
Factors
Variables believed to influence study results.
Levels
Different values or categories of a variable.
Treatments
Interventions applied to subjects in an experiment.
Completely Randomized Design
Random assignment of experimental units to treatments.
Randomized Block Design
Grouping experimental units into blocks with different treatments.
Blinding
Participants are unaware of their group assignment.
Placebo
Inactive treatment given to the control group.
Placebo Effect
Improvement observed after taking a placebo.
Inference
Drawing conclusions about a larger population from data.
Random Selection
Obtaining a simple random sample by randomly selecting individuals.