Unit 3 Ap Stats Review FLASHCARDS

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33 Terms

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Experimental Units

Individuals to whom treatments are applied and from whom measurements are taken.

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Matched Pair Design

Pairing similar elements to compare treatment effects.

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Statistically Significant

Observing a difference large enough to rule out chance variation.

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P-value

Probability of observing a difference less than 5%, indicating statistical significance.

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Bias

Systematic error leading to overestimation or underestimation of true values.

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Volunteer Bias

Tendency for individuals with strong opinions to respond to surveys.

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Nonresponse Bias

Bias due to some individuals not responding to a survey.

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Undercoverage Bias

Bias arising from excluding part of the population from the sample.

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Wording Bias

Bias introduced by leading survey questions.

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Control

Ensuring a group in an experiment does not receive any treatment.

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Replication

Repeating experiments to rule out chance variation.

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Random Assignment

Placing participants into treatment groups randomly.

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Comparison

Essential for evaluating the effects of treatments.

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Simple Random Sample

Each group of size n has an equal chance of selection.

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Stratified Random Sample

Dividing the population into strata for more specific results.

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Cluster

Selecting all individuals from some groups spread over a large area.

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Systematic Random Sample

Selecting individuals at regular intervals from a list.

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Population

Entire group from which data is collected.

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Sample

Subset of the population used to draw conclusions about the population.

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Observational Study

Researchers observe outcomes without assigning treatments.

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Voluntary Response Sample

Participants choose to be part of the sample.

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Convenience Sample

Nonrandom sample chosen based on availability.

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Experimental Study

Introducing treatments to observe outcomes.

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Factors

Variables believed to influence study results.

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Levels

Different values or categories of a variable.

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Treatments

Interventions applied to subjects in an experiment.

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Completely Randomized Design

Random assignment of experimental units to treatments.

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Randomized Block Design

Grouping experimental units into blocks with different treatments.

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Blinding

Participants are unaware of their group assignment.

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Placebo

Inactive treatment given to the control group.

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Placebo Effect

Improvement observed after taking a placebo.

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Inference

Drawing conclusions about a larger population from data.

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Random Selection

Obtaining a simple random sample by randomly selecting individuals.