Unit 3 Ap Stats Review FLASHCARDS

Experimental Units

Individuals to whom treatments are applied and from whom measurements are taken.

Matched Pair Design

Pairing similar elements to compare treatment effects.

Statistically Significant

Observing a difference large enough to rule out chance variation.

P-value

Probability of observing a difference less than 5%, indicating statistical significance.

Bias

Systematic error leading to overestimation or underestimation of true values.

Volunteer Bias

Tendency for individuals with strong opinions to respond to surveys.

Nonresponse Bias

Bias due to some individuals not responding to a survey.

Undercoverage Bias

Bias arising from excluding part of the population from the sample.

Wording Bias

Bias introduced by leading survey questions.

Control

Ensuring a group in an experiment does not receive any treatment.

Replication

Repeating experiments to rule out chance variation.

Random Assignment

Placing participants into treatment groups randomly.

Comparison

Essential for evaluating the effects of treatments.

Simple Random Sample

Each group of size n has an equal chance of selection.

Stratified Random Sample

Dividing the population into strata for more specific results.

Cluster

Selecting all individuals from some groups spread over a large area.

Systematic Random Sample

Selecting individuals at regular intervals from a list.

Population

Entire group from which data is collected.

Sample

Subset of the population used to draw conclusions about the population.

Observational Study

Researchers observe outcomes without assigning treatments.

Voluntary Response Sample

Participants choose to be part of the sample.

Convenience Sample

Nonrandom sample chosen based on availability.

Experimental Study

Introducing treatments to observe outcomes.

Factors

Variables believed to influence study results.

Levels

Different values or categories of a variable.

Treatments

Interventions applied to subjects in an experiment.

Completely Randomized Design

Random assignment of experimental units to treatments.

Randomized Block Design

Grouping experimental units into blocks with different treatments.

Blinding

Participants are unaware of their group assignment.

Placebo

Inactive treatment given to the control group.

Placebo Effect

Improvement observed after taking a placebo.

Inference

Drawing conclusions about a larger population from data.

Random Selection

Obtaining a simple random sample by randomly selecting individuals.