BC 241 Fundamentals of Counseling Test 1

Mazak, BJU

Psychology began in what year with which person?

1879, Wilhelm Wundt

Was early psychology concerned with psychotherapy or experimentation?

Experimentation

Which 3 areas of psychology are considered successful?

Sensation & perception, child development, social psychology

What is psychotherapy (aka psychological counseling)?

a branch of psychology that addresses how to help people with problems

What is psychotherapy based on?

theories/viewpoints (often contradicting)

Who practices psychotherapy?

psychotherapists (they often disagree)

How many psychotherapy theories are there?

250+

What are some examples of disagreement within psychotherapy and psychotherapists?

Homosexuality removed from the DSM in 1973; hoarding disorder added in the DSM-5; Internet gaming disorder is described but not included in the DSM-5

What's the problem with the question of "does psychotherapy really help?"

it's difficult to measure/demonstrate improvement (self-reported, subjective)

What's the importance of Hans Eysenck's study in 1952 regarding if psychotherapy actually helps?

2/3 people will improve within 2 years with psychotherapy. 2/3 people will also improve within 2 years without psychotherapy

In which century did psychotherapy take off?

19th century (note: 17th century improvements are similar to today's)

What is the Dodo bird verdict?

Taken from Alice in Wonderland, 'everyone has won, and all must have prizes.' i.e. most forms of psychotherapy seem to be equally effective

What are some implications of the Dodo bird verdict in context of psychotherapy?

little agreement among professionals on which method is best; little evidence that grad training improves effectiveness; little evidence that psychotherapy is better than a placebo

What is the one quality that an effective therapist could be based on?

personal qualities (we like nice people)

Does research justify the claims of success that psychotherapists typically make?

No

Some note/belief that psychotherapy may even be what?

Harmful/increased symptoms (i.e. after 9/11, victim mentality)

What is psychotherapy based on that does NOT make it a science?

subjective interpretations of data, philosophical/religious assumptions

What are the 5 moral/ethical issues based on worldview?

nature of man (good, neutral, evil), definition of normal (The Annunciation Catholic School shooter was deemed psychologically normal despite being a transgender woman), type of person who's abnormal (cultural differences), how does a person change, what's the goal of change

Psychotherapy is more of a ____ than a science

religion

What is Christian psychotherapy?

no definition since there is no unique discipline

A "Christian psychotherapist" could mean what?

a psychotherapist who is a Christian and employs secular worldview and methods

What is syncretism?

the combining of two religions (Christian psychotherapy, Christian Buddhist)

What happens when those in Christendom embrace a psychological world view?

diluted Christianity (adding water to soup)

Is psychotherapy a failure?

2/3 improve in 2 years. 2/3 also improve in 2 years without therapy….

Is psychotherapy a science?

is it based on experimental data or a subjective interpretation?

With whom did the psychoanalytic method originate?

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

What is the context of the psychoanalytic method?

subjective observation of troubled people by an atheistic troubled person

What is the anthropology of the psychoanalytic method?

man is a selfish animal

What is the motivation of the psychoanalytic method?

psychic determinism - satisfying subconscious needs, no free will, everything is determined by the subconscious needs

What is the problem with the psychoanalytic method?

subconscious conflict

Who's the counselee in the psychoanalytic method?

mentally sick patient

Who's the counselor in the psychoanalytic method?

expert doctor

What's the purpose of the psychoanalytic method?

insight - becoming conscious of your subconscious mind (overcoming denial)

What's the methodology of the psychoanalytic method?

psychoanalysis

What's the result of the psychoanalytic method?

blame my problems on the past

With whom did the behavioristic method originate?

John B. Watson (1878-1958) & B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

What is the context of the behavioristic method?

laboratory experiments with animals by an evolutionary atheistic materialist

What's the anthropology of the behavioristic method?

a neutral animal

What's the motivation of the behavioristic method?

environmental determinism - product of your environment (all about rewards)

What's the problem with the behavioristic method?

faulty teaching (don't know how to solve problems well)

Who's the counselee in the behavioristic method?

untrained student

Who's the counselor in the behavioristic method?

expert trainer

What's the purpose of the behavioristic method?

retraining

What's the methodology of the behavioristic method?

behavior modification (reinforcement)

What's the result of the behavioristic method?

blame my problems on my environment (that's what I was taught)

With whom did the humanistic method originate?

Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

What's the context of the humanistic method?

personal reflection, liberal theology, optimism of the 1950s

What's the anthropology of the humanistic method?

men are wonderful, special, godlike, naturally good

What's the motivation of the humanistic method?

self-actualization - we're all growing, we're all becoming better

What's the problem of the humanistic method?

blocked goodness/unmet needs

Who's the counselee in the humanistic method?

wilted flower (beautiful, but forgotten)

Who's the counselor in the humanistic method?

friendly gardner

What's the purpose of the humanistic method?

self-love & self-actualization

What's the methodology of the humanistic method?

client centered therapy

What's the result of the humanistic method?

I feel good about my [nonexistent] problems

With whom did the biblical method originate?

God

What's the context of the biblical method?

the Bible

What's the anthropology of the biblical method?

created in God's image, yet fallen in sin

What's the motivation of the biblical method?

should be to please God, but because of sin it's to please self

What's the problem of the biblical method?

sin

Who's the counselee in the biblical method?

a wandering sheep (sinner & sufferer)

Who's the counselor in the biblical method?

shepherd, disciple-maker

What's the purpose of the biblical method?

to glorify God

What's the methodology of the biblical method?

progressive sanctification > discipleship

What's the result of the biblical method?

Christ-likeness

Most psychotherapists claim to be eclectic, which means what?

they select different parts of the many different theories

Each of the major psychological viewpoints is not only extra-biblical (not found in Scripture, but also .

unbiblical (contrary to Scripture)

Is every aspect of each theory unbiblical?

No, there may be elements of truth in a false theory/religion

What events does the biblical model of man revolve around?

creation, fall, redemption

What makes man uniquely man?

the image of God

Do image and likeness refer to the same thing?

Yes

Who was created in God's image?

all of mankind

Does man continue to be made in God's image despite the fall?

Yes

What's the significance of Genesis 9:6?

Unjustified killing (murder) is condemned, capital punishment

God's image in man is best viewed as _; it is part of his nature.

substantive

What two qualities are included in man's substantive nature?

personality (distinguishes man from creation) & positive righteousness ("very good"

God created man with a ____ & a ____

choice, responsibility for that choice

What caused the fall?

man deliberately chose to disobey God

What was the lie that Satan told?

they could escape the consequences of sin

Man became what through the fall?

totally depraved

What does totally depraved mean?

not every man engaged in every sin, man is not as sinful as he could be, but sin has affected every part of his person (losing that ethical aspect of being made in God's image)

Sin marred (but did not erase) what 3 parts of the personality?

mind, will, emotions

Is man sinful because he sins, or does he sin because he is sinful?

he sins because he is sinful

Does a child become a sinner or is a child born a sinner?

a child is born a sinner

Man has completely lost his original ____ standing

righteous (positive righteousness)

Man's only hope to be "normal" is to have the image of God _.

restored to original righteous standing

The only hope of regaining righteousness is in .

Christ

What verse says that Christ's righteousness is imputed to us on our account?

2 Cor. 5:21

What is the goal of the believer?

to glorify God by being increasingly conformed to that image (growth)

Jesus Christ is the ____ of God

image

To be increasing and practically conformed to the image of God in our lives requires a radical what?

transformation (Rom. 12:2)

Salvation is a what of God's image?

restoration (return to righteousness and normality)

What is the goal of counseling?

to glorify God by helping people change

Change must always be towards greater what?

godliness

Growth towards greater godliness is what?

sanctification

What's the literal definition of sanctification?

being set apart

What's the theological definition of sanctification?

being set apart to God from sin

Sanctification is related to what two words?

holy and saint

What are the three aspects of sanctification?

initial (positional) > justification; progressive; ultimate (glorification)

When a believer encounters a roadblock and goes to someone for help, the helper is going to assist them as the seek to 1) ____, 2) _, 3)__

Glorify God in the trial, by trusting God through the trial, as God uses the trial to help them progress in their sanctification