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Council of 400

A governing body that prepared the agenda for the Assembly and oversaw the day-to-day administration of Athens, composed of 400 citizens selected from various social classes.

Hellaia

An appeals court in Athens that allowed any adult male citizen to challenge decisions made by magistrates, ensuring justice was accessible.

Public Indictment

A reform by Solon that allowed any citizen to bring charges against a wrongdoer, promoting civic responsibility and accountability.

Demes

Local districts into which Attica was divided, weakening traditional power structures and giving more autonomy to local communities.

Tribes

Ten new groups created by Cleisthenes, each consisting of members from different geographic regions, promoting unity and reducing the influence of aristocratic families.

Council of Five Hundred

An expanded governing body consisting of 500 representatives, reformed by Cleisthenes to ensure broader representation and participation.

Ostracism

A political mechanism in Athens allowing citizens to temporarily banish individuals deemed dangerous for a period of ten years.

Legacy of Solon

His reforms expanded political participation and laid the groundwork for a more democratic Athens, reducing the dominance of the aristocratic elite.

Cleisthenes' Reforms

Fundamental changes that transformed Athenian society by decentralizing power, enhancing citizen participation, and promoting equality and justice.