Oxygenation pt 1 (study alongside notes)

__________ is the process by which oxygen is supplied to the body and carbon dioxide is removed.

Oxygenation

__________ refers to the overall exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during breathing.

Respiration

__________ is the mechanical movement of air in and out of the lungs.

Ventilation

__________ is rapid breathing that results in excessive loss of carbon dioxide.

Hyperventilation

__________ is slow or shallow breathing that leads to increased carbon dioxide levels.

Hypoventilation

__________ occurs in the alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between air and blood.

Gas exchange

__________ is a lipoprotein substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli and prevents lung collapse.

Surfactant

__________ refers to the lungs’ ability to expand and recoil during breathing.

Lung elasticity

__________ is the ease with which the lungs can be inflated.

Lung compliance

__________ is the opposition to airflow within the respiratory passages.

Airway resistance

__________ are sensors that detect changes in blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH.

Chemoreceptors

__________ (also called __________) is an abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Hypocarbia; hypocapnia

__________ refers to inadequate oxygen reaching the tissues and cells.

Hypoxia

__________ is a decreased level of oxygen in the blood.

Hypoxemia

An assessment finding of a barrel chest, or anteroposterior (AP) diameter that is the

same size as the transverse diameter is caused by:

Decreased lung elasticity

Which diagnostic test/exam would best measure a client’s level of hypoxemia?

Arterial blood gas (ABG) sampling

The pulmonary system consists of the __________ and the __________.

airways; lungs

Ventilation is the movement of air __________ and __________ the lungs.

into; out of

Respiration is the exchange of __________ and __________.

oxygen; carbon dioxide

Gas exchange occurs across the __________ and __________ membranes.

alveolar-capillary; capillary-cell

Chemoreceptors are located in the __________, __________ arteries, and __________.

brain; carotid; aorta

Chemoreceptors detect changes in __________, __________, and __________ levels.

oxygen; carbon dioxide; pH

Lung receptors are located in the __________ and __________.

lungs; chest wall

Lung receptors help monitor breathing patterns, lung __________, and airway __________.

expansion; resistance

__________ refers to how fast a person breathes.

Rate

__________ refers to how much air is taken in with each breath.

Depth

__________ is the ease with which the lungs can be inflated.

Lung compliance

__________ is the ability of the lungs to return to their original shape after being stretched.

Lung elasticity

__________ is the opposition to airflow within the respiratory passages.

Airway resistance

__________ and __________ influence pulmonary function throughout a person’s life.

Life span; development

__________ infants (less than 35 weeks) have immature pulmonary circulation and not enough __________.

Premature; surfactant

__________ infants have immature and narrow airways and an immature __________ system.

Term; immune

__________ are at risk for upper respiratory infections (URIs) such as __________ and other infections spread from other children, as well as __________ or __________.

Toddlers; tonsillitis; aspiration; drowning

__________ children often experience URIs, viral infections, and __________.

School-age; asthma

__________ may develop asthma or engage in __________ use.

Adolescents; tobacco

__________ and __________ adults may have decreased pulmonary function due to __________ use or lack of __________.

Young; middle; tobacco; exercise

Older adults experience reduced __________.

lung expansion

Older adults have less __________ inflation.

alveolar

The __________ wall becomes more rigid, and the __________ moves less.

thoracic; diaphragm

It becomes more difficult for older adults to expel __________.

mucus

Older adults’ __________ response declines with age.

immune

__________ respond more slowly to changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Chemoreceptors

Older adults are less responsive to states of __________, which is excessive __________ in the bloodstream caused by inadequate respiration.

hypercapnia; carbon dioxide

Allergies such as _______ or ______ can affect breathing.

hay fever ; asthma

__________ can increase the body’s oxygen demand and alter breathing patterns.

Stress

Poor __________ __________ (pollution, smoke, chemicals) can impair lung function.

air quality

At higher __________, there is less available oxygen.

altitudes

During __________, oxygen demand increases due to fetal growth and metabolic needs.

pregnancy

__________ __________ such as dust, chemicals, and fumes can harm the respiratory system.

Occupational hazards

__________ can restrict chest expansion and reduce lung capacity.

Obesity

Poor __________ can weaken respiratory muscles.

nutrition and health

Regular __________ strengthens the lungs and improves efficiency.

exercise

__________ __________ (like alcohol or drugs) can depress the respiratory center.

Substance abuse

__________ infections include colds, rhinosinusitis, pharyngitis, and influenza.

Upper respiratory

__________ infections include RSV, acute bronchitis, and tuberculosis.

Lower respiratory

__________ circulation abnormalities can affect oxygen delivery to tissues.

Pulmonary

Abnormalities in the __________ __________ __________ can interfere with the regulation of breathing.

central nervous system

__________ abnormalities can affect the muscles needed for breathing.

Neuromuscular

Pulmonary system abnormalities include issues with lung __________, airway inflammation or obstruction, and _______ membrane disorders.

structure; alveolar-capillary

__________ occurs when portions of the lung collapse and gas exchange is reduced.

Atelectasis