Statistics Terminology and Concepts

These flashcards cover essential terms and definitions related to statistics and data analysis.

Population

Entire group being studied.

Sample

Subset of the population.

Variable

Something that can change.

Independent Variable (IV)

Variable you manipulate.

Dependent Variable (DV)

Variable you measure.

Data

Collected information.

Descriptive Statistics

Describe and summarize data.

Inferential Statistics

Use sample to generalize to population.

True Experiment

Manipulates variables to show cause and effect.

Observational Study

Observes without manipulation.

Correlational Study

Shows relationship, not causation.

Discrete Variable

Countable values (whole numbers).

Continuous Variable

Can take any value (decimals).

Nominal Scale

Categories, no order.

Ordinal Scale

Ordered, no equal spacing.

Interval Scale

Equal spacing, no true zero.

Ratio Scale

Equal spacing with true zero.

Summation (Σ)

Add all values.

Frequency

How often a value occurs.

Frequency Distribution

Table showing frequencies.

Relative Frequency

Proportion or percent.

Cumulative Frequency

Running total.

Mean

Average.

Median

Middle value.

Mode

Most frequent value.

Range

Max minus min.

Variability

Spread of data.

Variance

Average squared distance from mean.

Standard Deviation

Spread (square root of variance).

Deviation Score

Score minus mean.

Sum of Squares (SS)

Sum of squared deviations.