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These flashcards cover essential terms and definitions related to statistics and data analysis.
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Population
Entire group being studied.
Sample
Subset of the population.
Variable
Something that can change.
Independent Variable (IV)
Variable you manipulate.
Dependent Variable (DV)
Variable you measure.
Data
Collected information.
Descriptive Statistics
Describe and summarize data.
Inferential Statistics
Use sample to generalize to population.
True Experiment
Manipulates variables to show cause and effect.
Observational Study
Observes without manipulation.
Correlational Study
Shows relationship, not causation.
Discrete Variable
Countable values (whole numbers).
Continuous Variable
Can take any value (decimals).
Nominal Scale
Categories, no order.
Ordinal Scale
Ordered, no equal spacing.
Interval Scale
Equal spacing, no true zero.
Ratio Scale
Equal spacing with true zero.
Summation (Σ)
Add all values.
Frequency
How often a value occurs.
Frequency Distribution
Table showing frequencies.
Relative Frequency
Proportion or percent.
Cumulative Frequency
Running total.
Mean
Average.
Median
Middle value.
Mode
Most frequent value.
Range
Max minus min.
Variability
Spread of data.
Variance
Average squared distance from mean.
Standard Deviation
Spread (square root of variance).
Deviation Score
Score minus mean.
Sum of Squares (SS)
Sum of squared deviations.