Systems Physiology All Exam Questions

A hormone that is traveling freely in the blood was relesed after being stimulated by a hypothalamic hormone. This hormone could be...

Growth hormone

Your friend shows you a force-frequency curve for the muscle fiber she is studying. She wants you to tell her whether it is a slow or fast fiber based on the force-frequency curve. Are you able to do this?

No

The transducin protein in a rod cell is not active and levels of cGMP are relatively high. The rod cell...

Is in the dark

You are studying a type 1 motor unit from a soleus (calf muscle). This motor unit has 20 fibers. What can you determine abour other muscle fibers in the soleus?

The single type 1 fibers within the motor unit will have a similar velocity to the type 1 motor unit

Na/K pumps...

Will be found in higher concentrations in a person with hyperthyroidism

Organophosphates do what?

Inhibit activity of C

Assume this muscle fiber was activated. Which variable on the graph that we learned could you assess from the figure above? (insert diagram)

Length/position

What is missing from this figure that is a critical component in the excitation/EC coupling process of skeletal muscle?

DHP receptor

What are the components of the figure above where calcium passively flows through?

A and G

A person with excessive cortisol production, such as Cushing's Syndrome, would experience which symptoms?

Immunosuppression, or a suppressed immune response

A person is experiencing hyponatremia and yo uare assessing the effects on various body systems. What might you notice as a consequence of hypernatremia?

Elevated aldosterone

Narcan is an opioid receptor antagonist (competitive antagonist - in essence, binds better/tighter than the opioids) but will only work when the opioids are present at the synapse. Why does Narcan only work when opioids are present?

The opioids target the modulatory interneuron which is always firing, and the opioids shut this off. Addition of Narcan allows the interneuron to continue firing

Smooth muscle contraction is _______-filament regulated because the binding of calcium activates a cascade that alters the confirmation of the ______ protein

Thick; myosin

Growth hormone's actions are both catabolic and anabolic, which makes it unique. Its primary anabolic action is on...

Proteins only

GLP-1 is an example of an incretin, which performs _____ feedback and is secreted by ______

Feedforward; intestinal cells

How would you describe the difference between W and X's force-calcium relationships?

The fiber in W is more sensitive to calcium than the fiber in X

Suppose the force-velocity curves Y and Z are graphing motor units. Which of the following would likely be true?

Z is a type 1 motor unit and Y is a type 2 motor unit AND Y is a type 1 or 2 motor unit in control conditions and Z is a type 1 or 2 motor unit in fatigue conditions

Marina undergoes a serious 12-week strength training program where, by the end, she feels much stronger and faster than how she started. In graphing her force-velocity curves of the type 2a fibers in her pectoralis muscles, how would they appear pre- and post- strength training?

Pre-training - fiber Z, post-training - fiber Y

T/F: If calcium is present, ATP must be attached to myosin to make the muscle contract

False

How does the action potential above, below cell B in solution, differ from the human action potential?

Its depolarization phase is likely a result of zinc, instead of sodium, rushing in

Given the concentrations of the solutions surround the cells in the diagrams above, predict the characteristic(s) of the action potential in Cell A compared to Cell B

Cell A's action potential will have a lower spike height than Cell B

You do not have much information about the distribution of leak channels in the alien cell, except that you know that zinc and magnesium leak channels exist. In Cell B, resting membrane potential (RMP) is somewhere around -70mV. Given the information above, can you say that the resting potential in Cell B will be the same as Cell A?

No, because you have no information about leak channel distribution and number, you cannot make any predictions about RMP

This hormone is synthesized in the hypothalamus. This hormone is...

Oxytocin and is released by the posterior pituitary gland

In the excitation of a muscle, a group of proteins called SNARE is activated by calcium to help vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release acetylcholine. Drugs like Botox inhibit players in the SNARE complex. Why would botox work?

Botox prevents vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release

What is something that cardiac and skeletal have in common that smooth muscle does not share?

Activity between troponin, tropomyosin, and actin allow for myosin and actin binding

Individuals with type II diabetes...

Can potentially reverse the condition by diet and exercise

Lindsay spent the late summer training for a half marathon and is preparing for her race in a few weeks! She had never done this type of endurance training before. What changes might she find in her muscle fibers as a result of this endurance training?

Type IIx fibers may have decreased in size and number, with some converting to type IIa fibers

Which of the situations below would result in a more excitable neuron (assume normal istributions of ions, leak channels, ect)?

None of the above

T/F: The cell with numbers 1 and 2 by it is a neuron

False

The fluid in number 1 has high levels of which ion(s)?

Potassium

What type of receptor/channel is #3?

Voltage gated

Which numbers in the larger, top cell would be something that this cell would have in common with a rod cell?

4 and 5

Binding of a neurotransmitter to an ionotropic receptor results in influx of an unknown ion. Which of the following are true?

The receptor is both a receptor and a channel

This hormone increases blood glucose

Thyroid hormone and growth hormone

This hormone promotes protein anabolism

Growth hormone and insulin

This protein decreases blood glucose

Insulin

Abnormalities where there is not enough of the hormone can be treated with a synthetic version of this hormone

Thyroid hormone, cortisol, growth hormone, and insulin

The release of this hormone is stimulated by an anterior pituitary hormone

Thyroid hormone and cortisol

This hormone's action of bone antagonizes parathyroid hormone

Growth hormone

Exercise induced hyperventilation...

Decreases arterial carbon dioxide concentrations

If the volume in the ventricle is moving from ESV to EDV...

You may be in the T to P interval of the EKG

Blood carbon dioxide concentrations are 48mmHg in arterial blood. Assume no respiratory illness, what would you predict to be happening as a result of this?

The person would be hyperventilating to compensate

Your friend Benny dressed up as artherosclerosis for Halloween. Which costume description below would be most accurate?

A hollow tube with yellow and red residue making the diameter of the tube smaller

Aw snap! At last night's Halloween party, someone slipped some nifedipine (a calcium channel blocker) in the punch. What effect might this have on the party goers that drank some of the sweet and tangy punch?

Decreased TPR

T/F: There are both sympathetic and parasympathetic ionotripic effects

False

Please refer to the graph on the left. Shown are the pressures in the cardiac cycle on the LEFT side of the heart. The numbers correspond to the individual pressures and the letters to certain points in the cycle.
This letter represents the opening of the pulmonary valvue

None of the above

If you wanted to describe to someone approximately when they would see the T-wave, what time stamp would you tell them?

0.3-0.4 sec

What's the approximate heart rate for the individual wwho's pressure we are viewing in the cardiac cycle?

90 beats per minute

Exactly where the number 2 is on the graph above...

Atrial pressure is below ventricular pressure

An obstructive lung disease can be characterized by...

A reduced FEV1/FVC ratio

Is anemia or 50% carbon monoxide poisoning graphed here?

Yes, could be

What can you say about the curve in A compared to the curve in B?

In curve A, oxygen is binding more tigher to hemoglobin compared to B

It was close to 80 degrees this Halloween, and you were dressed as a fuzzy red panda from head to toe. Needless to say, you were sweaty and probably had an elevated body temperature for most of halloween. This increased body temperature...

Would have shifted your oxyhemoglobin curve from B to C

If a ventricle muscle cell has greater expression of Kr/Ks...

It may shorten the ventricular action potential duration

Another Halloween costume - Jacob decided to be the right lung for Halloween. Because he's taken anatomy, Jacob knows that the right lung has 3 lobes, but he decided to be a 2-lobed right lung. A loss of a lung lode would...

Decrease total lung capacity, decrease vital capacity, and decrease expiratory and inspiratory reserve volume

A Frank-Staling curve below the "normal" curve would indicate...

That at a given EDV there is an increased ESV

Which component of respiratory control is dysfunctional in victims of SIDS?

Chemoreceptors

An arteriole supplying your biceps femoris muscle (hamstring) has a radius of 2 while you are running around trick-or-treating. Once you relax and get back to sort your candy, radius in the bicep femoris changes by a factor of 2. Assuming a constant pressure differential of 2, what is the flow in your biceps femoris while sorting candy?

2

The body's adaptation to exercise training invovles some remodeling primarily in the cardiovascular system, but these cardiovascular changes can result in respiratory effects. What would one such effect be?

Increased chamber size as a result of physiological hypertrophy, increased capillarization in working muscles, and increased resting and exercising stroke volume

As your friends bar-hopped on Halloween, you were stuck inside studying. But eventually, you felt ready to join the fray and made your way out. Unfortunately, you struggle with both asthma and anemia and these ailments cut your night short. Which of the following describes your plight?

Decreased hematocrit and decreased compliance

It's your neighborhood's trunk of treat, and you and your college friends decide to theme your mom's minivan as the cardiovascular system. You want to stand in order as the blood flows through the heart. You represent the aortic valve. Who should you be in betwee?

The left ventricle and aorta

T/F: Afterload increases with age

True

Which phase of the cardiac cycle is pictured?

Ventricular ejection

What is going on with the atrial muscle cells at this point of the cardiac cycle?

They are relaxed, filling up with blood from the vena cava/pulmonary vein, and are at resting potential

Immediately following this phase, what happens?

The second heart sound

In this phase of the cardiac sysle, a tricuspid prolapse would result in...

Decreased stroke volume to the pulmonary artery

Firing of the Purkinje Fibers in the cardiac system...

None of these

While carving a Jack-o-Lantern, Shikha sliced her right ring finger and began to immediately hemorrhage. Baroreceptors in Shikha's aortic arch _______ their firing rate, as a result, the degree of sympathetic drive in her body _______

Decreased, increased

T/F: The thick smooth muscle layer in veins contributes to their high compliance

False

L type calcium current...

Is a common component in both nodal and ventricular cell action potentials

At fright fest last weekend, you were spooked by the creepy witches hanging out in a corner. Your heart rate suddenly increased, and you felt your heart pounding harder, presumably making more force. Which of the following describes what was happening to you during this fright?

Norepinephrine was binding to beta receptors in the vscular smooth muscle cells supplying the coronary arteries, increasing blood flow

A turtle lab I used to do with students invovled cutting the vagus nerve toward the end of the experiment to see what would happen. Taking away the vagus nerve stimulation...

Increases heart rate

It's leg day and the ghost on the left is doing deadlifts and burpees (burpees = cardio exercise). Especially during burpees, in the ghosts' ventricular cardiomyocytes...

Phosphorylation of the ryanodine receptor is making more calcium available, which increases force

A dysfunctional lymphatic system would result in fluid retention, which could increase MAP. This increased MAP...

Is a type of secondary hypertension

During inhalation...

The residual volume is not changing

The slowest velocity of flow would be near numbers...

6 and 12

Blood that is approximately 75% saturated with hemoglobin in a healthy person would be found at numbers...

1-5

A murmur heart during early filling on the right side of the heart would implicate the valve located between...

3 and 4

In the area to the left of number 6...

Oxygen is moving from the blood to the tissues

The G cells...

Are found in the stomach and produce gastrin

A patient with high blood pressure is presenting with an elevated fluid volume and normal blood osmolarity. As the body attempts to compensate for this condition, what might you observe?

Elevated ANP

An individual with androgen insensitivity syndome (AIS)...

Anti-Mullerian hormone degenerates the Mullerian ducts

When chyme moves from the stomach to the small intestine, in what state od digestion are the macromolecules?

All molecules have been mechanically and chemically digested, but only the beginning stages of chemical digestion have taken place

When describing the transport maximum in renal physiology, we discussed the movement of substance in which part of the renal tubule?

Proximal tubule

In the first trimester of a healthy pregnancy...

None of the above

Movement of sodium across the basolateral membrane is by _________ and is shown in transporter _______

Primary active transport; 4

Based on the figure, we know that the generic amino acid AA is...

Filtered and reabsorbed

The presence of aldosterone on the pumps would...

Have no effect on this cell

If this were a small intestinal epithelial cell and not a renal tubule epithelial cell, would all the same transporters still be present?

Yes

Erectile dysfunction...

Is treated by promoting excessive production of cGMP

Select the incorrect statement regarding absorption of vitamins in the digestive system
a. Vitamin K can be absorbed in both the small and large intestines
b. Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the ileum of the large intestine, with the help of intrinsic factor
c. Vitamin C (water soluble) is absorbed by diffusion or mediated transport
d. Vitamin A will not be adequately absorbed with a very low-fat diet
e. None of the above (all are true)

Vitamin B 12 is absorbed in the ileum of the large intestine with the help of intrinsic factor

Susan recently had bariatric surgery which removed 85% of her stomach tissue and left her with a much reduced stomach volume. Which of the following are true of Susan post-surgery?

She will be able to store less ingested food and will require smaller, more frequent meals

Why do women typically not ovulate while breastfeeding?

Prolactin has negative feedback on GnRH

Tubular fluid in the medullary collecting duct during a festive day of drinking alcoholic beverages would be...

Hypo-osmotic compared to the fluid in the fluid in the proximal tubule

What is the function of the smooth ER in fat absorption?

It helps establish the gradient across the apical membrane by resynthesizing monoglycerides and fatty acids into triglycerides within the SI epithelial cell

Osmolarity of the fluid in this/these compartment(s) of the nephron is/are INDEPENDENT of ADH

A, B, and C

Water moves via active transport following sodium at which locations?

None of them

Given maximum ADH, the osmolarity of the fluid F would be _________ compared to the osmolarity of the fluid in C

Iso-osmotic

Hyperkalemia would stimulate activity in the epithelial cells that are lining...

A and F

An individual on a loop diuretic would see a change in the osmolarity of the fluid where?

Two of these