Heart review

Pulmonary Circulation
Goal: to get the blood RIGHT to the lungs so it can become oxygenated.

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1. The un-oxygenated blood (this is blood that has been “used up” by your body and needs to be resupplied with oxygen) enters the heart through the SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR VENA CAVA.

2. Blood enters into the RIGHT ATRIUM

3. Then it is squeezed through the TRICUSPID VALVE

4. Blood then enters into the RIGHT VENTRICLE

5. Then it is squeezed into the PULMONARY VALVE

6. Blood is then shot up through the PULMONARY ARTERY and then enters into the LUNGS for some oxygen

Systemic Circulation
Goal: to get the richly, oxygenated blood that LEFT the lungs to the body to feed the brain, tissue, muscles, organs etc.)

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7. Blood enters from the lungs through the PULMONARY VEIN

8. Blood then enters into the LEFT ATRIUM

9. Down through the BICUSPID VALVE (also called mitral valve)

10. Then blood is squeezed into the LEFT VENTRICLE

11. Up through the AORTIC VALVE

12. Lastly up through the AORTA, where it pumped throughout the body

Blood Content in Pulmonary Circuit

• Pulmonary arteries: low O₂, high CO₂, low nutrients

• Pulmonary veins: high O₂, low CO₂, high nutrients

Blood Content in Systemic Circuit

• Arteries: high O₂, low CO₂, high nutrients

• Veins: low O₂, high CO₂, low nutrients

Layers of the Pericardium

• Fibrous pericardium – outer tough layer

• Parietal pericardium – inner layer of sac

• Pericardial cavity – space between parietal & visceral layers, contains fluid

• Visceral pericardium (epicardium) – outer layer of heart wall

• myocardium/endocardium

Coronary & Cardiac Vessels

• Right coronary artery

• Left coronary artery → branches into:

  • Anterior interventricular artery (LAD)

  • Circumflex artery

• Great cardiac vein

• Middle cardiac vein

• Coronary sinus – drains into right atrium

Major Vessels of the Heart & Aortic Arch

• Aorta

• Pulmonary trunk

• Superior vena cava

• Inferior vena cava

• Pulmonary veins

• Brachiocephalic artery

• Left common carotid artery

• Left subclavian artery

Three Stages of the Cardiac Cycle

• Atrial systole – atria contract, blood enters ventricles
  🩺 P wave

• Ventricular systole – ventricles contract, blood ejected
  🩺 QRS complex

• Diastole – all chambers relax and refill
  🩺 T wave

Adult vs. Fetal Circulation

• Foramen ovale (fetus): allows blood to flow from right atrium to left atrium

• Ductus arteriosus (fetus): connects pulmonary artery to aorta

• Both close after birth

• Adults use lungs, fetuses rely on placenta for gas exchange

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Heart is too weak to pump blood effectively, causing fluid buildup in lungs or legs

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)

Blocked coronary artery causes heart tissue death due to lack of oxygen

Arrhythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm (too fast, slow, or irregular); can disrupt blood flow

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium; can cause chest pain and fluid buildup around heart

Heart Murmurs

Abnormal sounds from turbulent blood flow, often due to valve problems (e.g. prolapse, stenosis)

Blocked Arteries – Treatment Options

• Angioplasty with stent: balloon widens artery, stent keeps it open

• Coronary bypass surgery: reroutes blood around blockage using a vessel graft