Micro Exam 2

protein

Most common macromolecule?

RNA

2nd most common macromolecule

exergonic rxn

energy released

endergonic rsn

energy required

energy released

Negative deltaG?

energy required

positive deltaG?

decrease, increase

enzymes blank activation energy and blank reaction rate

protein

apoenzyme

cofactor

coenzyme of NAD, NADH, loosely bound

prosthetic group

tightly bound, metal ion, organic

Active site

substrates bind

temperature, pH, substrate concentration

what factors effect enzyme activity?

competitive inhibitor

substrate that competes with usual substrate for enzymes active site

noncompetitive inhibitor

binds with enzyme but not at active site, binds to allosteric site, shape of active site changed

NADH

electron carreier

energy storage?

phosphorylated compounds, ester, anhydride bonds, ATP

ATP formation three kinds?

1. Substrate level phosphorylation

2. Oxidative phosphorylation

3. Photophosphorylation

Substrate level phosphorylation

direct transfer of Pi from one molecule to another

oxidative phosphorylation

proton motive force(chemiosmosis) electron transport chain

plants

photophosphorylation

polysaccharides, lipids, sulfur

long term energy storage

Denitrification

this process contributes to acid rain

Carbohydrate metabolism

catabolism, respiration, fermentation

Carbohydrate metabolism formula?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy(ATP).

Glycolysis

Embden-Meyerhof pathway

Stage 1 glycolysis

preparatory rxns, atp required

Stage 2 glycolysis

production of atp, nadh, pyrubate, completes glycolysis

stage 3 glycolysis

consumption of nadh and production of fermented products

fermentation

anaerobic, organic molecule, both e-donor and acceptor, pyruvate reduced to organic molecules

fermentation products

alcohol, various acids

aerobic respiration

oxygen is final e- acceptor, pyruvate is completely oxidized to CO2

what are aerobic pathways?

glycolysis, acetyl coa, krebs, ETC

Glycolysis components

pyruvate, 2 atp, 2nadh, cytoplasm

acetyl coa formation

co2 released, nadh produced

krebs(citric acid, TCA) cycle

ATP, nadh,fadh2 produced, co2 released

Electron transport chain

fate of nadh, fadh2,

plasma membrane

ETC where in prokaryotes?

inner mitochondrial membrane

ETC where in eukaryotes?

Products of Krebs

for each pyruvate, 2co2, 3 nadh, 1 fadh, 1 atp

etc generates?

proton motive force, 3-4 protons, 1 ATP, 1 NADH, 3ATPS

Complex 1

NADH dehydrogenase, flaven mononucleotide(FMN) accepts e-, H+, transfers only e-

complex 2

physically and functionally linked to citric acid cycle, FAD, Fes proteins

complex 3

cytochrome, C1, Fes proteins

complex 4

cytochrome oxidase, cyt. a, a3

q cycle

CoQ, ubiquinone, e- transporter, cyt. c, e- transport

cytochomes

a, b, c… carry electrons, heme prosthetic group alternate between Fe2+ and Fe3+

Electron transport chain

proton motive force(chemiosmosis) proton and electrical gradient across membrane, forms atp, atp synthase, atpase, F0 emedded in membrane proron channel, gamma, epsilon subuntits, rotate, stator, a,b,delta. f1 faces cytoplasm, beta, site of phosphorylation, rotation of gamma changes conformation of beta and ATP synthases a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, ultimately leading to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.

39%

how efficient is ATP production>

38 atp

total atp production from 1 glucose across all?

O2 final e- acceptor

aerobic respiration final acceptor

ion other than o2

anaerobic respiration final e- acceptor?

phototrophs

light, energy, co2, carbon source

aerobic environment of photoautotrophs

typical photosynthesis, chlorophyll a, cyanobacteria, algae, green plants, o2 released

anaerobic environments of photoautotrophs

bacteriochlorophyll, some bacteria, o2 not releases, sulfur is

Chemolithotrophs

oxidation of inorganic compounds, H2, H2S, S, energy source, ATP, co2 carbon source, some bacteria, archae, hydrothermal vents, makes own food

chemoorganotrophs

organic compounds both energy source and carbon source, majority of all nonphotosynthetic organisms

Photoheterotrophs

light is energy source, organic compounds carbon source, few bacteria

Lactic acid fermentation

gram positive bacteria

homofermentative

single fermentation product is lactic acid, streptococcus, typical glycolysis, 2 atps, no co2 produced

heterofermentation

lactic acid, ethanol, co2, lactobacillus, different pathway, 1 atp, co2 produced

Mixed acid fermenters

enteric(intestinal)bacteria

voges proskaur

methyl red test for acetoin production

MRVP test results?

e. coli mr+, vp-, so postivive(red)

e. aerogenes me-, vp+, so negative(yellow)

Dissimilative sulfate reduction

process where h2s is secreted

ferrodocin, outside

green sulfur bacteria use blank as the reducing agent and deposit sulfur blank the cell

pseudomonas stutzeri

which bacterium carries out the complete reduction of no3 to n2

windogradsky

scientist who discovered chemolithotrophy and nitrification

reverse electron flow

purple sulfur use blank to generate nad(p)h

sulfate reductase

the formation of adenosine 5 phosphosulfate (APS) is part of which reduction or oxidative pathway?

methanogenesis

CO2 + 4 H2 —> CH4 + 2H2O

green sulfur bacteria

group of bacteria that uses the reverse citric acid cycle

hydrogen sulfide

colorless sulfur bacteria oxidize which compound as an energy source

nitrogen fixation

nitrogenase enzyme complex involved in which biochemical process or pathway?

outer, rusticyanin

oxidation of iron ions as an energy source involves this membrane blank and the enzyme blank

16

atps it takes to fix one molecule of n2

anaerobic, aerobic

methanogens are blank and methylotrophs aerobicare anaerobic and methylotrophs are aerobic.

catabolism, chemoorganotrophy, aerobic, C6H12O6

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —> 6CO2 + 6 H2O

catabolism, chemoorganotrophy, anaerobic, h2

4H2 + SO42- + H+ —> HS- + 4H2O

catabolism, chemoorganotrophy, anaerobic, h2

CO2 + 4H2 —> CH4 + 2 H2O

anabolism, photoautotrophy, anaerobic, light

2H2S + CO2 —> (CH2O) + H2O + 2S

anabolism, chemolithotrophy, aerobic, h2

6H2 + 2O2 + CO2 —> (CH2O) + 5H2O

Assimilative metabolism

reduction, biosynthesis, ions(NO3-, SO4-, CO2) incorporated into cellular molecules

dissimilative metabolism

e- acceptors in aerobic respiration: NO3- reduction, NO3- final e- acceptor

N2 produced

E. coli

nitrate reduction done by what bacteria?

Pseudomonas stutzeri

denitrification done by what bacteria

Reduced

When NAD+ gains a hydrogen atom and electrons, becoming NADH, NADH is what?

3 ATP

For every NADH that enters the electron transport chain. how many ATPs produced?

Noncyclic photophosphorylation

in this process, oxygen is released

Denitrification

the way that N2 is formed biologically

Nitrate

an example of an electron acceptor that can be used in anaerobic respiration

Complex 1

this complex of the electron transport chain is also known as NADH dehydrogenase

photoheterotrophy

this type of metabolism uses organic compounds as carbon source and light as energy source

purple sulfur bacteria

carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis and contains carotenoids

heterofoermentative

this type of fermentation produces several products- lactic acid, ethanol, CO2

pyruvate

in nitrogen fixation, the source of electrons at the beginning is

facultative anaerobes

aerobic respiration occurs if O2 present, NO3 reduction suppressed

Sulfur, Sulfate reduction

dissimilatory, anaerobic, SO42- —> H2S, less favorable than O2 or NO3- for energy yield

Desulfovibrio

sulfate-reducing bacteria

Sulfur cycle

SO42- to H2S is reduction, H2S tp SO42- is oxidation

Methanogenesis

Archae, catabolism, methane is waste product, anaerobic, novel coenzymes, CO2 finaly e- acceptor, H2 electron donor