Chapter 14 Study Quiz

A DNA nucleotide consists of:

phosphate-deoxyribose-base

There are 4 different kinds of nucleotide bases in DNA. How many bases are in a DNA molecule (such as an entire chromosomes)?

millions or billions

How many DNA base pairs are in a typical gene? G

hundreds or thousands

The bases bond to the _________ in the backbone of DNA.

Sugar

This figure represents the duplication of DNA. Which enzyme is breaking the double-stranded DNA molecule into single-stranded segments at the replication fork?

DNA Helicase

The hereditary material present in all cells is:

DNA

What two scientists won the nobel prize in science for their discovery and description of the DNA double helix?

Watson & Crick

In the comparison of a DNA molecule to a twisted ladder, the uprights (sides) of the ladder are:

alternating deoxyribose bonded to phosphates

If a DNA base sequence of GGCTTCG is mutated to GGATTCG, this type of mutation is considered a:

point mutation

In the structure of DNA, to what part do the nitrogen-containing bases covalently bond?

deoxyribose

In DNA, phosphate groups bond to:

the deoxyribose sugar

Watson and Crick are credited with the discovery and description of the DNA:

Double Helix

When chromosomes replicate:

the two DNA strands separate and each is used as a template for synthesis of a new strand

When does DNA replication occur?

During S of interphase

In the comparison of a DNA molecule to a twisted ladder, the steps of the ladder are:

nitrogenous bases linked together

The sequence of subunits in the DNA "backbone" is:

sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate

What is the relationship among DNA, a gene, and a chromosome?

A chromosome contains hundreds of genes, which are composed of DNA.

If a DNA base sequence of ACGTTCG is mutated to ACCGGTTCG, this type of mutation is considered a:

Insertation mutation

During DNA replication, what is the name of the enzyme that matches the nucleotide base in the original parental DNA strand with its complementary partner?

DNA Polymerase

T or F: "In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes consist of both DNA and proteins."

True

T or F: The number of subunits in a DNA molecule is more important to its function than the sequence of these subunits.

False

During DNA replication, what is the name of the enzyme that separates the parental strands of DNA?

DNA Helicase

In DNA, complementary base pairs are held together by:

hydrogen bonds

Where does DNA replication occur in eukaryotic cells?

the nucleus

Where does DNA replication occur in prokaryotic cells?

the cytoplasm

How many different kinds of nucleotide bases are in DNA?

four

There are 4 different kinds of nucleotide bases in DNA.  How many bases are in a DNA molecule (such as an entire chromosomes)?

millions or billions

________________ discovered DNA in 1869 and called it "nuclein," showing it was in the nucleus of cells.

Friedrich Miescher

_____________ discovered the process of transformation in 1928, showing that genetic material could be transferred between bacteria.

Frederick Griffith

In 1944, they identified DNA as the "transforming principle," proving that DNA is the molecule responsible for heredity

Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod, and Maclyn McCarty

In 1952, they confirmed that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material using experiments with viruses (bacteriophages).

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

discovered in 1950 that in DNA, the amount of adenine equals thymine (A = T), and guanine equals cytosine (G = C).

Erwin Chargaff

used X-ray diffraction in the 1950s to produce images of DNA, revealing its helical structure.

Rosalind Franklin

in 1953, proposed the double helix structure of DNA, based on Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray data.

James Watson and Francis Crick

The four nitrogen-containing bases are:

adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine

The sugar in the nucleotide is:

deoxyribose

the phosphate group is attached to the _____ in each nucleotide.

deoxyribose sugar

In the DNA double helix, the two strands run in _________ directions. One strand runs 5' to 3', and the other runs 3' to 5'.

antiparallel

The order of nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G) in the DNA sequence determines…

the genetic information, which is used to build proteins

DNA in a eukaryotic cell is wrapped around proteins called ______, forming nucleosomes.

histones

DNA in a eukaryotic cell is wrapped around proteins called histones, forming __________.

nucleosomes

DNA replication is __________________, meaning that each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

semi-conservative

_____________ unwinds the DNA double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs.

DNA helicase

______________ bind to the separated DNA strands to prevent them from re-joining during replication.

Single Strand Binding Proteins

______ adds short RNA primers to the DNA template to start the process of replication.

Primase

____________ adds complementary nucleotides to the growing DNA strand and also proofreads the newly synthesized DNA strand, correcting any errors in base pairing to reduce mutations.

DNA polymerase

_______________ are the building blocks that DNA polymerase uses to form the new DNA strand.

Free nucleotides

____________ seals the gaps between Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand, joining the fragments into a continuous strand.

DNA ligase

____________ adds repetitive DNA sequences to the ends of chromosomes (telomeres) to prevent loss of important DNA during replication.

Telomerase

A gene mutation is:

a change in the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA

A point mutation is:

a change in a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence.

A frameshift (insertion and deletion) mutation occurs when:

nucleotides are added or removed from the DNA sequence

A translocation mutation occurs when:

a segment of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome