Week 1: Levels of Organisation and Terminology

4 types of tissues

epithelia, connective, muscle, neural

dorsal cavity

brain / spinal cord

ventral cavity

thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic organs

positive feedback

a process that amplifies a change or output, leading to an increase in the effect of a stimulus

negative feedback

a process that counteracts a change or output, leading to a decrease in the effect of a stimulus

principle of complementarity of structure and function

states that the function of a body part is closely related to its structure, meaning the anatomy of an organ determines its physiological role

surface level (gross)

general form of the body’s surface

regional level (gross)

the study of specific areas of the body (ex. head, trunk, neck)

sectional level (gross)

examining body’s structure by cross sections

systemic level (gross)

structure of organ systems

clinical level (gross)

a number of subspecialties important in clinical practice (ex. pathological, radiographic, surgical)

developmental level (gross)

changes in form from conception to adulthood

cytology (micro)

internal structure of individual cells

histology (micro)

examination of tissues

eponym

a person after whom a discovery is named

Terminologia Anatomica

standard international terminology for anatomical structures

integumentary organs

skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

endocrine organs

pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, gonads

lymphatic organs

spleen, thymus, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils

male reproductive organs

testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis, scrotum

female reproductive organs

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands

supine

person lying down face up

prone

lying down face down

hypochondriac region (abdominopelvic)

top left and right

epigastric region (abdominopelvic)

top middle

hypogastric region (abdominopelvic)

bottom middle

umbilical region (abdominopelvic)

middle

lumbar region (abdominopelvic)

left and right middle

inguinal region (abdominopelvic)

bottom left and right

frontal (coronal) plane

anterior / posterior

sagittal plane

left and right

transverse plane

superior / inferior

visceral pleura

covers outer surfaces of the lungs

parietal pleura

lining the inner surface of the chest wall

auto-regulation homeostasis

when a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts in response to environmental change

extrinsic regulation homeostasis

process that results from the activity of the nervous / endocrine system