BIo 103 Mcmullen exam 2

The Cell Theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

Eukaryotic cells

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.

Cytoplasm

holds organelles in place and allows movement of materials

The plant cell

contains a cell wall, chloroplast and large vacuole

Chloroplast contains what

thylakoids

stacks of thylakoids

grana

Chlorophyll is embedded where

inner surfaces of thylakoids

The cell membrane is

selectively permeable

Simple diffusion

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Results in equilibrium

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Occurs from high to low concentration
More solute you add = lower water potential

hypertonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution

hypotonic solution

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution

Plasmosis

occurs when a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution

When a plant is placed into a hypotonic solution

water will diffuse into the cell

turgor pressure

The pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels with the help of a transport protein

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

Pumps

Molecules are "pumped" by a transport protein to get across the membrane, requiring energy

3 vegetation organs

Roots
Leaves
Stems

ground tissue system

Wound healing, photosynthesis, food storage, support

vascular tissue system

transport of water and solutes

dermal tissue system

The outer protective covering of plants.

lamina

expanded portion of leaf (blade)

petiole

the stalk of a leaf

Stipules

leaf-like appendages at the base of the leaf

Leaf structure

Guard cells
Cuticle is the waxy layer

Tendrils

A twisting, threadlike structure by which a twining plant (vine) grasps an object for support

spines

modified for reduction of water loss

storage leaves

retain large amounts of water (succulents) and/or carbohydrates (bulbs)

reproduction leaves

allow plants to produce asexually

floral leaves

surround true flowers and behave as showy petals

Insectivourous Leaves

allow plants to live in soils with poor nitrogen

Phytomere

leaf, node, internode, axillary bud

Bulbs

specialized stems that function in dormacy

Thorns

Modified for protection

Rhizomes

horizontal underground stems

Stolons

A horizontal above ground stem that takes root at various intervals.

suculent

full of water storage

tendrils

A twisting, threadlike structure by which a twining plant (vine) grasps an object for support

taproot system

primary root and its lateral branchings

fibrous system

many roots of same size coming from base of stem
Found in monocots

root cap

protects the root from injury as the root grows through the soil

region of cell division

Composed of apical meristem in the center of root tip

region of elongation

Responsible for most of the increase in length of root

region of maturation

where most of the cells mature

food storage

most roots are storage organs, but in some plants the roots are extra specialized for this function

water storage

roots are extra specialized for this function

Pneumatophores

help plants take in oxygen when the soil is oxygen poor

prop roots

help support the plants in unstable soil

Metabolism

organism take in energy from the environment

Phototroph

an organism that gets its energy from sunlight

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

Organotrophs

chemicals taken from the environment

Heterotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food.

photosynthesis

carbon dioxide enters plants through stomates and is reduced to carbohydrates

water enters where

through the roots

Light is made up of

colors (photons)

Chrolophyll

photosynthesis begins when light energy is absorbed
4 types of chlorophyll

photostems

pigments are grouped into this

photostems absorb light and pass it to

Chlorophyll A (reaction center)

Light reactions

convert light energy to chemical energy as ATP and NADPH

Biochemical reactions/Calvin Cycle

ATP and NADPH + CO2 is used to reduce carbon to carbohydrates

What 2 things are produced from light reactions

ATP and NADPH

Nutrients of life

energy source
carbon source
water
other elements

ATP

stored in the terminal phosphate bond produced by the breakdown of glucose
When hydrolyzed it releases energy that drives other reactions

The production of ATP during glycolysis is called

substrate phosphorylation

substrate phosphorylation creates

2 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvic acids

alcoholic fermentation

A process used by yeast cells and some bacteria to produce carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol

lactate fermentation

lactate is formed by a variety of bacteria, fungi, protists, and animal cells when oxygen is scarce or absent

Oxidation

The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.

2 pyruvic acids are transferred to

mitochondrian matric

electron transport

forms ATP through the process of oxidative phosphorylation

Each time a pair of electrons pass from NADH to oxygen

3 molecules of ATP are formed

Each time a pair of electrons pass from FADH2 to oxygen

2 molecules of ATP are formed

Responses to stimuli

results in behavior
maintains homeostasis
at times movement is involved

black mangrove

lives in alt rich soil and excretes excess salt

Galapagos Giant Tortoise

stretches neck and opens mouth
finches eat insects off their skin

lava lizard

females have a bright red/orange throat

Land iguana

waits for prickly pear cactus to drop
lower head, head nod, arch back, bloat up
absorbs sun rays to heat up, burrows to cool off

marine iguana

eat algae when swimming
sneeze excess salt
bask in the sun to heat up

Waved Albatross

complex mating dance (circle with bills, bow, beak staright upwards, whoo-oo, sway walk)
Proventriculus (feed their babies)

blue-footed booby

mating dance begins with beaks to sky, and then raise their feet alternately
facilitative subliside (leave babies)

flightless cormorant

tremendous swimmers
mating dance (circle each other and growl)

great frigatebird

bright red sacks
take food from other birds

nazca booby

2 chicks 1 gets kicked out
gular fluttering to relieve heat

sea lion

lives in colonies (pledges) and has a beach master (pledge master)

bottle nosed dolphin

react to seeing humans/boats