Chapter 6 - Cardiology

cardi/o

heart

Cardiovascular system

A continuous circuit that moves blood throughout the body

• heart: the pump that moves blood

• blood vessels: pathways that cary blood

  • arteries: carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart and to other areas of the body

  • capillaries: connect veins and arteries to exchange nutrients and waste; connect within tissues

  • veins: return oxygen poor/depleted blood to the heart to be reoxygenated by being sent to the lungs for gas exchange

• blood: the transportation means for oxygen, CO2, waste, and nutrients

anatomy of the heart

• located in the thoracic cavity, behind the sternum and between the lungs

  • roughly the size of a fist and contracts at least once per second

  • External surface is rough and irregularly shaped with mounds and grooves

    • mounds: reflect the locations of the heart’s internal chambers

    • grooves: depressions/valleys that contain fat, blood vessels, and nerves

Chambers of the Heart

Atrium: Smaller, Upper chambers

Ventricle: Larger Lower chambers

Septum: central wall dividing the heart to left and right sides

Heart chamber layers

Epicardium - outermost layer, aka the visceral pericardium

myocardium - thick muscular middle layer, responsible for contractions

endocardium - thin innermost layer that lines the chambers and heart valves

my/o

muscle or fungus

end/o

inside

-um

structure

how much does the heart beat per minute?

60-100bpm

Heart Anatomy

where is the Tricuspid valve

between the right atrium and right ventricle

called the tricuspid valve since it has three cusps

Where is the pulmonary valve

AKA Semilunar

between right ventricle and pulmonary arteries

mitral valve

aka bicuspid valve

Located between the left atrium and left ventricle

aortic valve

aka semilunar valve

• Located between the left ventricle and aorta

Pulmonary circulation

deoxygenated blood in the Right side of the heart goes to the lungs to become oxygenated

systemic circulation

oxygenated blood in the left side of the heart goes to the body

Acute Coronary Syndrome

sudden reduction of blood flow to the heart muscle

typically results from atherosclerotic plaque or blood clotting limiting blood supply

results in ischemia

ischemia

inadequate blood flow and oxygen to tissue

isch/o

block

Angina Pectoris

• chest pain caused by ischemia

• Crushing, squeezing, or pressure-like chest pain that may radiate to the jaw, teeth, neck, back, or left arm.

• Often accompanied by extreme sweating and a sense of dread

• Women often present w/ nausea or stomach pain

• can be a sign of Coronary Artery Disease

angin/o

strangling

pector/o

chest

Cardiomegaly

enlargement of the heart, usually due to CHF (Congestive Heart Failure)

Cardiomyopathy

condition of the heart muscle that includes cardiomegaly and heart failure

CHF

Congestive Heart Failure

• Inability of the heart to pump sufficient amounts of blood

  • caused by coronary artery disease (CAD) or hypertension (HTN)

  • involves cardiac hypertrophy followed by loss of contractile ability

  • right sided CHF: blood back up into the system (peripheral congestion), signs include: Juggular venous distention, peripheral edema, ascites, liver enlargement\

  • left sided: blood backs up into the lungs/pulmonary congestion

Endocarditis

infection and inflammation of the endocardium that lines a heart valve; occurs in patients who have a structural defect of the valve

MVP

Mitral Valve Prolapse

• leaflets of the mitral valve do not close tightly enough

• allows blood to leak back into the left atrium (Mitral regurgitation)

• may be congenital or the result of infection

pro-

forward, forth, or before

-lapse

to slide, fall, or sag

Murmur

an abnormal heart sound

• heard as blood leaks through a defective valve

pericarditis

infection/inflammation of the pericardial sac

• involves an increase in the amount of pericardial fluid

• pressure from this fluid may compress the heart and prevent it form pumping

MI

Myocardial Infarction

• death of tissue in the myocardium due to severe lack of oxygen

• AKA a heart attack

• occurs when blood flow in the coronary artery is blocked by a clot or atherosclerosis

• may be accompanied by angina, indigestion like symptoms, or no symptoms at all

• if area of dead tissue is small, the heart keeps contracting and scar tissue develops

• Possible symptoms: chest pain/pressure, pain may radiate to arm, jaw, back, or shoulder, SOB, sweating, Nausea

Aneurysm

Area of dilation and weakness in the wall of an artery

• weakened areas balloon with each heartbeat and can rupture without warning

• greek for widening out/dilation

hypotension

low BP, <90/60 mm/Hg

• usually caused by loss of blood volume

orthostatic hypotension

sudden temporary decrease in systolic BP upon standing

tens/o

pressure

stat/o

stand still; staying in one place

arteriosclerosis

progressive degenerative disease that produces narrowed hardened artery walls

arteri/o

artery

scler/o

hardening

CAD

Coronary Artery Disease

• arteriosclerosis that occurs in the coronary arteries

• may cause angia pectoris

• w/ blockage, MI may occur

peripheral artery disease

arteriosclerosis in the legs; may cause intermitten calf apin (claudication) and cyanosis of the toes and feet

atherosclerosis

fatty deposits in the walls of arterues that can restrict blood flow

• is a specific type of arteriosclerosis that begins w a small tear in the arterial endothelium

• cholesterol build up in the tear leading to formation of an atheromatous plaque

• growth of the plaque nrrows the arterial lumen, and may eventually block blood flow

ather/o

soft, fatty substance

hyperlipidemia

presence of elevated fat levels in the blood

hypercholesterolemia

high cholesterol levels

hypertriglyceridemia

high triglyceride levsls

phlebitis

infection/inflammation of a vein

• causes pain and possible red streack on skin over the vein

thrombophlebitis

involves presence of a clot in the vein

Raynaud disease

sudden severe vasoconstriction of artioles in the fingers and toes causing them to turn white or cyanotic

varicose veins

conditon in which damaged valves in a vein allow the back flow of blood, causing the vein to become distended and twisted

• may lead to pain and heaviness in the legs

• often causd by phlebitis, injury, long periods of sitting or standing, and pregnancy

varic/o

enlarged tortuous vein